The research progress on ecological risk assessment of microplastics in water bodies was reviewed in this paper，included the ecological risk assessment procedures，methods and comprehensive applications. Based on the research progress in the ecological risk assessment of microplastics in water bodies，five assessment methods were analyzed：the Pollution Load Index（PLI），the Polymer Hazard Index（PHI），the Risk Index（RI），the Nemerow Pollution Index，and the Risk Quotient. The comprehensive evaluation status of ecological risk assessment for microplastic pollution in aquatic environments was also examined. Furthermore，improvements were proposed by introducing risk indices or scoring factors related to microplastic characteristics such as size，morphology，and adsorption capacity. The study aimed to establish a unified，scientific，and standardized model for assessing the ecological risks of microplastics，thereby providing a reference for the ecological risk management of microplastics.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering patterns of varicella in Yuyao City，Zhejiang Province during 2015 - 2024，identify the key areas for surveillance，and provide scientific data for formulating targeted prevention and control measures. Methods The relevant information on new varicella cases were collected from the "Surveillance Report Management Module of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" where the reported onset date was between January 1，2015，and December 31，2024，and the current residence was in Yuyao City，Zhejiang Province. The descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the incidence and trends. Metrics included the composition ratio，incidence and average annual percentage change（AAPC） of varicella cases across different years and populations，global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses（Moran’sⅠ） and spatiotemporal scan statistics. Results From 2015 to 2024，a total of 5 621 varicella cases were reported in Yuyao City，with an annual incidence ranging from 33.54/100 000 to 84.92/100 000. The average annual incidence was 48.18/100 000，showing a significant decreasing trend over the decade（P<0.001）. The incidence was significantly higher in males（52.93/100 000） than in females（43.19/100 000）（P<0.001）. The cases were primarily concentrated in 10-14 age group，accounting for 25.72% of all cases，with an incidence rate of 342.88/100 000. Occupationally，students（54.07%） constituted the majority of cases，followed by workers（9.16%），farmers（7.86%） and scattered children（7.83%）. The temporal distribution exhibited a bimodal pattern，with the primary peak occurring in winter（November-December） and a secondary peak in late spring and early summer（May-July）. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis yielded Moran’sⅠ values ranging from 0.421 to 0.613. Local spatial autocorrelation identified “high-high” clustering areas mainly in Fengshan Street，Lanjiang Street，Lizhou Street，Yangming Street，and Zhangting Town，while “low-low” clustering areas were located in Dalan Town，Simingshan Town，and Luting Township. Spatiotemporal scan analysis detected a first-class cluster centered in Fengshan Street，encompassing four streets or towns（RR=6.74，LLR=1 089.94，P<0.001）. Conclusion The incidence of varicella in Yuyao City showed a declining trend from 2015 to 2024，with different population，seasonal and regional distributions. Enhanced surveillance in key streets and towns and high-risk populations during peak seasons，along with continued health education and promotion of varicella vaccination，is recommended to further reduce the incidence.

Objective By establishing a standard curve for oxygen，the oxygen content in fixed pollution source exhaust samples is quantitatively analyzed，allowing for more accurate correction of oxygen interference in the samples，thereby improving the accuracy of non-methane total hydrocarbon measurements. Methods High-purity nitrogen gas was used to dilute hydrocarbon-free air，creating standard curves with varying nitrogen-oxygen ratios on the methane and total hydrocarbon columns，and this enabled precise oxygen content analysis and interference subtraction. Instrument settings were injection port 150 ℃，column 75 ℃，detector 200 ℃，carrier gas flow 20.0 mL/min. Results After optimization，the average recovery rates for methane and total hydrocarbons increased to 95.1%-97.0% and 95.2%-96.8%，respectively. The analysis time was reduced to 1.5 minutes. The correlation coefficients for total hydrocarbons and methane were ≥0.999 0. The RSDs for methane and total hydrocarbons were 1.1%-2.1% and 1.9%-2.4% respectively. The limits of detection were methane 0.053 mg/m³，total hydrocarbons 0.060 mg/m³ and non-methane total hydrocarbons 0.060 mg/m³ respectively. Conclusion The modified method offers high sensitivity and accuracy，meeting the requirements for non-methane total hydrocarbon measurement.

Objective To establish a highly sensitive and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） method for simultaneous determination of 11 quinolones and 4 tetracycline residues in pork. Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile water glacial acetic acid（84:15:1，volume ratio） by vortex oscillation. After centrifugation，the supernatant was purified with C₁₈ and N-propylethylenediamine（PSA） composite adsorbent. Methanol acetonitrile（4:6，volume ratio） and 0.1% formic acid water were used as the mobile phase for gradient elution，separated on HSS T3 column，determined in positive ion mode by multi reaction monitoring，and quantified by external standard method. Results The linear range of 15 veterinary drugs was 1.0-50.0 μg/L，and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.997 5. The limit of detection was 1.0 μg/kg，the recovery was 88.1% -107.8%，and the relative standard deviation was less than 5.0%. Conclusion This developed method is characterized by minimal organic solvent usage，ease of operation，and effective extraction and purification of pork matrix，which exhibits good accuracy and sensitivity，making it suitable for routine residues analysis.

Objective To establish a method for determining residues of eight kinds of organochlorine pesticides，including hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane（DDT），in soil and sediment by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction（SPME） coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Methods The soil or sediment samples were extracted by using an extraction solvent（hexane∶acetone=1∶1）via ultrasonication. The extracts were then subjected to SPME by using a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber with 50/30 μm thickness. The determination was performed by using electron ionization（EI） in selected ion monitoring（SIM） mode. Results The eight target compounds showed good linear relationships within the range of 0.001 to 0.006 mg/kg，with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995. The spiked recoveries ranged from 83.2% to 105.3%，and the relative standard deviations（RSD） were all below 5.0%. The limits of detection were between 0.002 and 0.006 mg/kg. Conclusion This method is simple，sensitive and applicable to simultaneous determination of HCH，DDT and other 8 organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and sediment.

DNA，as the genetic material of humans，needs to be passed on to the next generation intact. However，endogenous and environmental factors constantly attack DNA causing DNA damage，affecting DNA replication，and mediating tumorigenesis. To cope with this threat，the human body has evolved a DNA damage repair（DDR） system to regulate DNA damage，transmit DNA damage signals and mediate repair，thus preventing a wide range of diseases，such as malignant tumors，caused by DNA mutations，which is of significance in the field of biology. With the continuous mining of DDR system，the mechanism of key proteins involved in DDR pathways，such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase（PARP）1/2，ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein（ATM）/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related（ATR）/DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit（DNA-PKcs），WEE1 G2 checkpoint kinase（WEE1）/checkpoint kinase 1（CHK1） and polymerase epsilon（POLE）/polymerase delta 1（POLD），in DDR has been widely concerned. This paper summarized the role and mechanism of known proteins in DDR signal transmission and DNA repair，strengthened the understanding of DDR pathways，and provided important ideas for finding DDR targets and treating diseases caused by DNA mutations.

Objective To explore the feasibility of a measurement method for indoor ventilation and air exchange in public places based on a tracer gas intelligent control system in practical applications. Methods Ten public places equipped with centralized air conditioning and ventilation systems were selected as the experimental subjects. Under the same experimental conditions，paired experiments were conducted respectively by using the traditional fresh air volume measurement method（duct method） and the tracer gas intelligent control system method. The consistency of the measurement results of the two methods was quantitatively evaluated by using the Bland-Altman analysis method. Results The average value of the difference in air change rates measured by the two methods（d₁） was 0.167 times/h，the standard deviation of the difference（S_d1） was 0.199 times/h，and the 95% limit of agreement （LoA1：d₁±1.96S_d1） was -0.223 to 0.557 times/h. The average value of the difference in fresh air volume（d₂） was 2.578 m³/（person·h），the standard deviation of the difference（S_d2） was 1.894 m³/（person·h），and the 95% limit of agreement（LoA2：d₂±1.96S_d2） ranged from -1.134 to 6.290 m³/（person·h）. The Bland-Altman diagram results showed that all experimental points were within the 95% limit of agreement，and no obvious systematic trend was observed in the scattered point distribution，suggesting that there was no significant systematic bias in the measurement of air change rate between the two methods. Conclusion The ventilation and air exchange measurement method based on the tracer gas intelligent control system has good consistency with the traditional standard air duct method and can be used according to the requirements of specific application scenarios.

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of infectious diseases among primary and secondary school students in Changchun City，and to provide the scientific data for controlling and reducing the risks of infectious diseases. Methods The legally notifiable infectious diseases cases reported among primary and secondary school students in Changchun City from 2014 to 2023 were obtained from the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention，and statistically analyzed from different dimensions through descriptive research methods. Results From 2014 to 2023，22 kinds of infectious diseases were reported in primary and secondary schools in Changchun City，without deaths. These accounted for 11.32% of the total reported cases in the entire population，and the average annual incidence rate was 247.71 per 100 000. There were no reports of Class A infectious diseases. There were 13 kinds of Class B infectious diseases，accounting for 30.01% of the total number of student cases. There were 6 kinds of Class C infectious diseases，accounting for 33.18%. There were 3 other non-statutory infectious diseases such as chickenpox，accounting for 36.81%. From 2014 to 2023，the top 5 diseases reported in primary and secondary schools in Changchun City，ranked as chickenpox，influenza，novel coronavirus infection，hand-foot-mouth disease and mumps，accounting for 86.07% of the total reported cases. During 2014-2023，the disease with the highest incidence rate was chickenpox，except for novel coronavirus infection（in 2022） and influenza（in 2023），all the others were chickenpox. From 2014 to 2023，respiratory infectious diseases accounted for the majority of infectious diseases reported in primary and secondary schools. There were 10 kinds of infectious diseases reported，with a total of 16 638 cases，accounting for 88.42% of the total number of cases，and the average incidence rate was 219.03 per 100 000 people. Conclusion In Changchun City，chickenpox is the most prevalent infectious disease among primary and secondary school students，while the rest are influenza，novel coronavirus infection，hand-foot-mouth disease and mumps. The proportion is relatively high. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control measures for key infectious diseases among primary and secondary school students and increase the vaccination rate to effectively reduce the risk of infectious diseases among them.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and long-term trends of infectious diseases among primary，secondary school students and preschool children in Baodi District，Tianjin City during 2014-2023，and to provide the data for the surveillance and prevention of student-related infectious diseases. Methods The data on infectious diseases among the target population were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System，while school enrollment numbers were sourced from the District Education Bureau. The descriptive epidemiological methods and Joinpoint regression analysis were employed to analyze disease characteristics and incidence trends. The average annual percent change（AAPC） of incidence rate was calculated. Results A total of 8 460 cases of 21 kinds of infectious diseases were reported during 2014-2023，with an annual average incidence rate of 946.78 per 100 000. The top five diseases accounted for 93.11%（7 877/8 460） of cases：influenza（4 034 cases，451.45/100 000），hand，foot and mouth disease（HFMD，1 652 cases，184.88/100 000），other infectious diarrhea（945 cases，105.76/100 000），varicella（933 cases，104.41/100 000），and COVID-19（313 cases，35.03/100 000）. Seasonal indices for intestinal infectious diseases exceeded 1 from June to October，while respiratory infectious diseases peaked in March and November-December. The male cases（4 932，1 057.14/100 000） significantly outnumbered the female cases（3 528，826.20/100 000），with an gender ratio of 1.28∶1（P<0.01）. Incidence rates varied significantly across educational stages，peaking in preschool children（1 788.15/100 000） and reaching the lowest in junior high school students（537.79/100 000）（P<0.01）. Joinpoint regression revealed significant upward trends in overall incidence（P<0.01），gender-specific rates（male：AAPC=31.58，t=3.53，P<0.01；female：AAPC=34.58，t=3.84，P<0.01），educational stages（primary school：AAPC=42.17，t=4.39，P<0.01；junior high school： AAPC=39.98，t=3.83，P<0.01；senior high school：AAPC=29.30，t=3.01，P<0.05），and respiratory infections（AAPC=51.23，t=4.50，P<0.01）. Conclusion Infectious diseases are highly prevalent among primary and secondary school students，with an increasing incidence trend. Publicity and education on infectious diseases prevention and control in schools should be strengthened. The relevant departments should enhance the monitoring of infectious diseases，particularly focusing on key disease types，peak seasons and high-risk populations，by establishing targeted surveillance，early warning systems and intervention measures，and this approach will effectively and promptly prevent and control outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Objective To analyze the changing trends of drinking water quality in urban and rural areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin from 2019 to 2022，and provide the scientific data for further improving the drinking water quality and strengthening the sanitary management of drinking water. Methods The water samples were collected during the dry season and wet season each year. The samples were tested and evaluated according to the Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water（GB/T 5750-2006）and Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water（GB 5749-2006）. Results The overall qualified rate of drinking water in Jizhou District of Tianjin from 2019 to 2022 was 75.24%（638/848）.The qualified rate increased year by year，with significant differences across years（P<0.05）. The qualified rates for municipal water supply and small-scale centralized water supply were 99.26%（405/408） and 52.95%（233/440），respectively，with significant differences between water supply types（P<0.05）. The qualified rates for urban and rural areas were 100.00%（200/200） and 67.59%（438/648），respectively，demonstrating significant regional differences（P<0.05）. Conclusion The qualified rate of drinking water in urban and rural areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin presents a year-by-year upward trend. However，the qualified rate in rural areas remains relatively low，indicating an urgent need to address drinking water quality issues in these regions.

Objective To develop a method for the determination of the residues of 14 pesticides including chlorsulfuron，atrazine and carbofuran in drinking water by gas chromatography mass spectrometry（GC-MS） by programmed solid-phase extraction（SPE） system. Methods The water samples were concentrated by an activated hydrophilic-lipophilic balance（HLB） column in automatic SPE system，eluted with 10 mL CH₂Cl₂-CH₃COOCH₂CH₃（v/v=1:1）. After N₂ blowing，then were tested by GC-MS，and quantified with internal standard. Results By reforming parameters such as the type of SPE column，the velocity of sample injection，the kind of rinsing solution，the elution current velocity and volume，and the temperature program of the chromatographic column. The 14 kinds of trace pesticide residues had good linearity in the range of 5-1 000 μg/L，and the correlation coefficients >0.999 0. The limits of detection（LODs） were 0.000 6-0.002 0 μg/L and limits of quantitation（LOQs） were 0.002 0-0.006 7 μg/L. The mean recoveries were 82.62%-108.34% and relative standard deviations（RSDs） were 0.40%-3.47%. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment and high automaticity，and is sensitive，accurate and applicable to simultaneous determination of the 14 kinds of trace pesticide residues in drinking water in grass-roots laboratories.

As a new type of environmental pollutant，microplastics enter the organisms through multiple exposure pathways such as dietary intake，respiratory inhalation and skin contact，and have become a key environmental risk factor that threatens the stability of ecosystems and the sustainability of human health. This article focused on the food-borne exposure pathways of microplastics，systematically reviewed their migration and accumulation characteristics in the food chain，and focused on the toxicological effects of single microplastic exposure scenarios，including key scientific issues such as oxidative stress induction，cell damage effects，and physiological function interference. The purpose of this paper is to provide the theoretical support for deepening the risk perception of diet-related microplastic pollution，and to promote the improvement of environmental monitoring system and public health protection awareness.

Objective To understand the variability of oxidative stress and inflammation induced in lung tissue by exposure to different concentrations of mould aerosols. Methods Based on the level of mould contamination in the building environment，healthy BALB/C mice were exposed to 1 500，15 000 and 150 000 CFU/m³ concentration levels of mould aerosol respectively and 15 000 CFU/m³+vitamin E treatment group were introduced. At the end of the experiment，inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured in each group. Results Compared with the control group，8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine（8-OHdG），tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） levels significantly increased in 1 500 CFU/m³ group（P<0.01），and reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），8-OHdG，TNF-α，interleukin-4（IL-4） levels significantly increased in 15 000 CFU/m³ group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001，respectively），and glutathione（GSH） level decreased significantly（P<0.05）. ROS，MDA，TNF-α and IL-4 levels significantly increased in the 150 000 CFU/m³ group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001，respectively）. In 15 000 CFU/m³+vitamin E treatment group，ROS，MDA，and TNF-α levels decreased significantly after vitamin E treatment（P<0.05，P<0.001，respectively），and GSH levels increased significantly（P<0.05）. Conclusion Mould exposure may induce inflammation and oxidative damage in the lungs of mice，however，the responses may vary with different exposure concentrations，with the most significant effects observed at 15 000 CFU/m³. These findings suggest that mould-induced lung damage in asthma is not linearly correlated with exposure concentration.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Binhai New Area，Tianjin City from 2014 to 2024，and predict its incidence trend in 2025，thereby providing the evidence for future prevention and control of bacillary dysentery. Methods A total of 13 987 cases of bacillary dysentery reported in Binhai New Area from 2014 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The data were organized and analyzed by using Excel 2021 and SPSS 26.0 software for epidemiological characterization. A Holt-Winters multiplicative model was established to predict the incidence trend in 2025. Results From 2014 to 2024，Binhai New Area reported 13 987 cases of bacillary dysentery，without fatal cases. The average annual incidence rate was 49.54 per 100 000 population，and the differences in incidence rates across years were statistically significant（P<0.05）. The high-incidence period occurred from May to October. The highest incidence rate（468.01 per 100 000） was observed in the 0- age group. The cases were mainly scattered children，workers and students. High-risk areas included Tanggu Street，Dagang Street and Hangu Street. The Holt-Winters multiplicative model predicted a total of 870 cases of bacterial dysentery in 2025，which was a slight decrease compared to 2024. Conclusion The incidence of bacillary dysentery in Binhai New Area presents a seasonal variation，with a high prevalence from May to October. Children aged 0-years are the focus population for prevention and control. The predicted incidence level for 2025 shows a decline，remaining at a consistently low and stable level overall.

Objective To understand the toxic effect of sodium ρ-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate（OBS） on the axis of gut microbiota-endocrine. Methods 32 male ICR mice aged six weeks were randomly divided into the control（CON，0.0 μg/L） and OBS exposed groups（0.1，1.0 and 10.0 μg/L），8 in each，treated through drinking water for 6 weeks. During the OBS exposure，the weight changes of mice were measured. After the OBS exposure，all mice were sacrificed，and histopathological examination of the testis was done. The levels of testosterone，triiodothyronine（T3） and tetraiodothyronine（T4） in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The mRNA levels of AR，ERα，ERβ，HMG-CoA，HMG-CoA，LDL-R，SR-B1，STAR，PBR，P450SCC，3β-HSD，P45017α and 17β-HSD in the testis and the relative abundance of gut microbiota（Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes，Actinobacteria，α-Proteobacteria，β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria） in colon and cecum were measured by qRT-PCR. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the structure and composition of gut microbiota in cecal contents. Results Compared with the control，no significant changes were seen in the testis weights，the ratio of the testis weights and body weights，testicular structure in 0.1，1.0 and 10.0 μg/L OBS groups. Compared with the control，the serum levels of testosterone decreased after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure and the serum levels of T4 significantly increased in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L OBS groups（P<0.05），while no significant change was showed in the serum levels of T3 after OBS exposure. Compared with the control，the mRNA levels of AR，ERα，ERβ，HMG-CoA reductase，HMG-CoA synthase，LDL-R，SR-B1，STAR，PBR，P450SCC，3β-HSD，P45017α and 17β-HSD did not change after OBS exposure. However，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes after 1.0 μg/L and 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure and the relative abundance of Firmicutes and β-Proteobacteria decreased in 10.0 μg/L OBS group in colonic contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. The relative abundance of Firmicutes，α-Proteobacteria，β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure，the relative abundance of Firmicutes and α-Proteobacteria after 1.0 μg/L OBS exposure，and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in three OBS groups were down-regulated in cecal contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. Differently，the relative abundance of Actinobacteria were up-regulated after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure in cecal contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the percentage of Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes and Proteobacteria changed at the phylum level in cecal contents after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure. Among the Operational Taxonomic Units（OTUs） identified with gut microbiota of mice，there were 433 OTUs in the control and 172 OTUs in the 10.0 μg/L OBS except for the common OTUs. And the differential microbiota patterns of gut microbiota could also be observed by using a principal component analysis. However，the α-diversity index of gut microbiota showed that the indexes of Shannon，Simpson，Chao1 and Ace were no significant changed after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure compared with the control. The analysis of LDA Effect Size（LEfSe） revealed that Bacteroidaceae，Bacteroides，Peptococcaceae and Bilophila were mainly affected by 10.0 μg/L OBS，and their relative abundance were up-regulated after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure. Conclusion Although，OBS can not cause the changes of testicular tissue weight and pathology，it can decrease serum content of testosterone and increase serum T4 content. Additionally，the structure and composition of gut microbiota in mice may change after OBS treatment. Bacteroidaceae，Bacteroides，Peptococcaceae and Bilophila may be biomarkers for OBS toxic effect，and their abundance may increase after OBS treatment. It suggests that OBS may affect endocrine homeostasis in mice through gut microbiota biomarkers and there is the axis（gut microbiota -endocrine axis） of OBS action in mice.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infections in Binhai New Area，Tianjin from 2018 to 2024，and establish a risk prediction model to provide a scientific basis for the prevention，control and prediction of norovirus outbreaks in the future. Methods The relevant data on norovirus gastroenteritis cases in Binhai New Area，Tianjin from 2018 to 2024 were collected，an ARIMA model was established to predict the norovirus epidemic trend in 2025. Results From 2018 to 2024，a total of 947 suspected cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in Binhai New Area. Among them，172 cases were confirmed. The predominant genotype was GⅡ（68.75%）. Joinpoint regression analysis indicated that the overall incidence showed an upward trend（Annual Percent Change=18.87%，P<0.01）. The incidence presented a bimodal seasonal distribution，with epidemic peaks in May and from September to November each year（seasonal index>1）. The male-to-female ratio of incidence was 1.35∶1，without significant difference（P>0.05）. The affected population mainly consisted of children，adolescents and the elderly over 60（58.61%）. A positive correlation was found between the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis and the positive detection rate of norovirus in commercially available food（Spearman correlation coefficient =0.350，P<0.05）. The predominant genotype of norovirus in food was GⅡ（59.09%）. A total of 35 outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported，with GⅡ being the dominant genotype（62.86%）. The main source of infection was contagious（77.14%）. The ARIMA model was fitted to predict that the number of norovirus infection cases in 2025 would be basically the same as that in 2024（Ljung-Box Q=22.85，P=0.12）. Conclusion From 2018 to 2024，the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis in Binhai New Area showed an upward trend. Scattered children were the main affected population，and kindergartens and nurseries were the primary outbreak sites. GⅡ was the dominant genotype of norovirus. Conclusion efforts are needed to strengthen monitoring，food supervision and health education to prevent the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks.

Objective To understand the association between atmosphere PM_2.5 components exposure and cardiovascular diseases（CVD），and to provide suggestions for the prevention of CVD. Methods The data of hospitalized patients with CVD in Tianjin Wuqing District People’s Hospital from January 1，2019 to December 31，2020 were collected，and the data of air pollutants and meteorological conditions in Wuqing District during the same period were collected. The association between PM_2.5 components and meteorological conditions was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation coefficient. A generalized linear model based on the Poisson distribution was employed for time-series analysis to quantify the excess risk（ER） of CVD incidence per interquartile range（IQR） increase in exposure concentration for each PM_2.5 component，considering lags of 0-4 days（lag0-4） and cumulative lags of 1-4 days（lag01-lag04）. Results The short-term exposure of element carbon（EC），Cl^-，K and Zn was positively correlated with the morbidity of CVD. When the concentration of EC increased by 1 IQR（1.12 μg/m³），the risk of CVD increased by 2.80%（95%CI：0.63%-5.02%）. When the concentration of Cl^- increased by 1 IQR（1.59 μg/m³），the risk of CVD increased by 3.54%（95%CI：0.86%-6.28%）. When K increased by 1 IQR concentration（0.4 μg/m³），the risk of CVD increased by 2.00%（95%CI：0.26%-3.77%）. When the concentration of Zn increased by 1 IQR（0.15 μg/m³），the risk of CVD increased by 5.00%（95%CI：2.41%-7.65%）. Conclusion The increase of EC，Cl^-，K and Zn in PM_2.5 will increase the risk of CVD.

Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of airborne pollen concentration and the effect of meteorological conditions in Fuzhou，and to predict the pollen concentration in high-value areas. Methods Using the airborne pollen monitoring data from Fuzhou City for 2023-2024 and matching it with the weather conditions and meteorological elements during the same period，this study applied the methods such as correlation analysis，standardized normalization and meteorological diagnosis to analyze the characteristics of pollen species，sources and concentration changes as well as the effect of meteorological conditions on airborne pollen concentration. Based on these analyses，the study also made predictions regarding pollen concentration. Results The seasonal distribution characteristics of airborne pollen concentration in Fuzhou were evident，with the peak occurring in March to April each year，reached up to 1 856.73 grains/m³. The pollen pollution risk level 59.0% was concentrated in the high to extremely high range，primarily consisting of species from the Moraceae and Pinaceae families which accounted for 86.5% of total pollen. The secondary peak occured in September to October，with the highest daily pollen concentration reached 415.95 grains/m³，and the pollen pollution risk level 50.8% was concentrated in the high range. The main species included Euphorbia（Asteraceae），Moraceae，and Poaceae which accounted for 88.1% of total pollen. From March to May 2024，the daily pollen concentration showed a unimodal pattern，with the highest peak occurred at 14∶00，and daytime concentrations being higher than nighttime. The results of multivariate fitting for high-pollen periods using key meteorological elements indicated that the overall fit for pollen concentration was good，but the peak was relatively low. In March to April，daily maximum temperature，daily average temperature，and sunshine duration are the main factors affecting changes in pollen concentration. From September to October，relative humidity，daily minimum temperature and daily average temperature were the main influencing factors for the pollen concentration. Pre-front warm sector in spring，the subtropical high pressure system and the influence of typhoons in autumn，pollen concentrations tend to be abnormally high under these three weather conditions. The results of multiple fitting of pollen high value period showed that the overall fitting effect was good，but the peak fitting was low. Conclusion This study analyzed the pollen concentration distribution characteristics in Fuzhou City through pollen observation，confirming the feasibility of predicting high-value area pollen concentrations by studying the impact of meteorological conditions on pollen. It provides recommendations for travel and protective measures for people with pollen allergy susceptibility，and lays the foundation for further research on the risk of illness in allergic susceptible populations due to pollen and meteorological conditions.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in Nankai District，Tianjin from 2020 to 2024，and to provide the evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods The foodborne disease data reported by sentinel hospitals were collected to analyze the results of time，population，suspected food and sources，as well as etiological test results by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 6 301 cases were reported over the past 5 years，showed an upward trend（peaking in 2023 with 1 598 cases）. The high incidence period was concentrated from May to November，while the low incidence period was from January to February，exhibiting a bimodal distribution with peaks in July（13.51%） and November（12.20%）. The incidence rate among females（53.93%） was slightly higher than that among males. The group aged 65-74 had the highest number of cases（1 564 cases，24.82%），with people aged 55 and above accounting for 55.75%. There was a significant difference in gender incidence rates among different age groups（P<0.01）. The main occupational group affected was retired personnel，with a total of 2 743 cases（43.53% of the total），followed by key focus groups such as students，with a total of 405 cases（6.43% of the total）. In terms of the places where the illness occurred，home-made food（58.59%） was the main source，followed by commercial food，accounting for 40.81%. Suspected foods mainly came from grains and their products（1 149 cases，18.22%），mixed foods（1 007 cases，15.97%），and meat and meat products（943 cases，14.96%）. The pathogenic microorganisms were mainly Salmonella（46.34%） and Norovirus（34.15%）. Conclusion The surveillance data from 2020 to 2024 indicate that foodborne disease incidence in Nankai District，Tianjin showed a sustained upward trend with distinct seasonal characteristics，forming two incidence peaks in summer and early winter. Elder populations and homemade food were identified as the major risk factors.

Objective To know systematically the smoking rate，secondhand smoke exposure and smoking cessation behaviors among the residents aged 15 and above in Zhaotong City，and identify the key influencing factors and providing the scientific data for formulating targeted tobacco control strategies in this multi-ethnic border region. Methods From July to November in 2024，a multistage ranolom sampling method was used to recruit 18 955 permanent residents aged 15 and above. The data were collected by the 2019 National Adult Tobacco Survey Questionnaire. Statistical analyses，including chi-square tests，Cochran-Armitage trend tests，and multivariate logistic regression，were performed using SPSS 19.0. Results The current smoking rate in Zhaotong was 31.6%. Males had a significantly higher smoking rate（63.7%） than females（1.7%），and rural residents（33.2%） had a higher rate than urban residents（28.7%），both P<0.001. Significant differences in smoking rates were observed across ethnic groups and education levels（P<0.001），with the highest rates among the Miao ethnic group（38.4%） and individuals with junior high school education（38.3%）. Multivariate analysis identified male gender（OR=61.881，95%CI：46.459-82.422），rural residence（OR=1.153，95%CI：1.050-1.266），lower education levels（primary school or below OR=2.218，95%CI：1.837-2.676；junior high school OR=1.896，95%CI：1.562-2.301；high school/technical secondary school OR=1.462，95%CI：1.137-1.881），and Miao ethnicity（OR=1.386， 95%CI：1.066-1.802） as independent risk factors for smoking. The secondhand smoke exposure rate was 57.9%，with higher rates among commercial/service workers（71.1%） and individuals aged 25-44（63.0%）. The smoking cessation rate was 13.4%，significantly higher in females（28.4%） than males（12.8%），P<0.001. Conclusion Zhaotong City exhibits a high prevalence of tobacco use，with priority populations for tobacco control including males，rural residents，individuals with low education，and Miao ethnic group. Strengthening smoke-free legislation and implementing health education are critical for effective intervention.

The study of mineral elements in drinking water and their health effects has long been central to scientific exploration，with increasing evidence progressively shaping our understanding. Drinking natural mineral water can supply significant amounts of vital elements such as calcium，magnesium and lithium，leading to several health advantages. To consolidate the existing knowledge，a systematic search was conducted across PubMed，Web of Science，Sciencedirect，CNKI and Wanfang Data for peer-reviewed publications from the past five years，offering a comprehensive review of the health effects related to these mineral elements.

Objective To know the contamination levels and health risks of lead（Pb），cadmium（Cd） and chromium（Cr） in commercially available dried beans in Anshun City. Methods In 2024，a total of 360 samples of four types of dried legumes（kidney beans，soybeans，mung beans and white beans） were collected from five types of retail outlets（farmers’ markets，supermarkets，mobile stalls，vegetable markets and dried goods stores）. The heavy metal content in these samples was determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and health risk assessment was conducted by employing the single-factor pollution index（Pi） method. Results All samples were contaminated with at least one heavy metal（overall detection rate：100.00%），with Cr detected in 100.00% of samples，followed by Pb（74.72%） and Cd（67.50%）. The Pb disqualified rate（15.28%） was significantly higher than those of Cd（0.83%） and Cr（3.06%）（P<0.05），making Pb as the dominant risk factor. Varietal analysis revealed that mung beans had the highest Pb disqualified rate（20.51%），while kidney beans showed the highest Cr disqualified rate（5.05%）. Among sales venues，farmers’ markets（23.76%） and mobile stalls（19.18%） exhibited significantly higher Pb disqualified rates than other venues（P<0.05），whereas Cd disqualified rates were only observed in supermarkets（2.56%）. Pollution index grading indicated that 84.72% of samples fell within the safe range for Pb，but mild，moderate and severe pollution risks still require attention. Conclusion Pb is the primary contaminant in dried beans in Anshun City. Targeted supervision for high-risk varieties（e.g.，mung beans） and sales venues（e.g.，farmers’ markets and mobile stalls） is recommended，along with source control and supply chain management to mitigate health risks.

Objective To know the distribution of macroelements and microelements in crustacean and bivalve seafood from the Binzhou coast of the Bohai Bay and heavy metal exposure risks. Methods 139 samples of local commercial crustaceans and bivalves were collected from Zhanhua District and Wudi County（Bohai Bay coast），Binzhou，Shandong，from June to December 2023. Sodium，magnesium，calcium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES）. Cr，Fe，Cu，Zn，total arsenic（As），Se，Cd，Pb，and Mn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and total mercury（Hg） by a fully automated mercury analyzer. Principal component analysis（PCA） characterized nutrient element patterns，while target hazard quotient（THQ） and total target hazard quotient（TTHQ） assessed heavy metal health risks. Results Among 139 samples of crustaceans and bivalves，the detection rates of 4 macroelements and 5 micronutrients all reached 100%. The K content in crustaceans was significantly higher than that in bivalves，while the contents of Mg and Ca were significantly lower，with significant differences（P<0.05）. Except for Cu，the contents of the other 4 trace elements（Fe，Mn，Zn and Se） showed significant differences between the two types of seafood（P<0.05）. Crustaceans had lower contents of Fe，Mn and Zn，but their Se content was significantly higher than that of bivalves. Principal component analysis further confirmed that the comprehensive score of nutrient elements in bivalves（0.498） was significantly higher than that in crustaceans（0.116）. In terms of contamination，Cd was the main excessive heavy metal，with an overall exceeding rate of 23.7%，and the excessive risk of crustaceans（26.3%） was higher than that of bivalves（9.5%）. Health risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient（HQ） of a single metal was all less than 1，however，the total target hazard quotient of crustaceans at both the average and P₇₅ exposure levels was greater than 1，indicating potential health risks to consumers. Conclusion Bivalves have stronger enrichment capacity for various microelements and may serve as a better source of trace elements for local residents. Although the risk of individual heavy metals is controllable，long-term consumption of crustacean products may lead to potential health risks from comprehensive exposure due to their heavy metal levels，particularly Cd and As. Therefore，it is recommended that residents maintain moderate consumption of crustacean seafood to avoid potential long-term health risks.

Objective To understand the pollution level and the seasonal distribution characteristics of chemical composition of atmospheric PM_2.5 in the urban area of Luoyang City，Henan Province，and to know the main pollution sources and the health risks to the population by the respiratory route. Methods From January 2020 to December 2022，the samples of atmospheric PM_2.5 were collected on the rooftops of two buildings located in different districts of Luoyang City，with sampling conducted over a period of 7 to 10 consecutive days each month. The concentrations of PM_2.5 and its main chemical components were determined respectively by gravimetric analysis，inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），ion chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The primary sources of PM_2.5 were identified by using the Positive Matrix Factorization（PMF） model，and the health risks posed by its hazardous components to the population were evaluated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA） health risk assessment model. Results From 2020 to 2022，the annual mean PM_2.5 concentrations in urban air were 70.27 μg/m³ and 68.39 μg/m³，respectively，exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard Grade-I limit（35 μg/m³） but remained below the Grade-II limit（75 μg/m³）. The concentration of PM_2.5 and its chemical constituents（∑PAHs，metal ions，water-soluble ions） displayed pronounced seasonality（P<0.01），peaking in winter and reaching minima in summer. PMF source apportionment identified coal combustion，traffic and industrial emissions as the dominant contributors，jointly accounting for >70% across the two districts. EF analysis revealed moderate-to-severe enrichment of anthropogenic elements（Sb，As，Cd，Hg，Pb，Se，Tl），indicating a substantial anthropogenic influence. Benzo[a]pyrene（BaP） posed the highest non-carcinogenic risk，with hazard quotients（HQ） of 3.89 and 3.84 in Zone A and B，respectively，followed by As，Cd，Cr and Pb（all HQ>1），signifying non-negligible hazards. For carcinogenic risks，the estimated lifetime carcinogenic risks for chromium（1.42×10^-4） and arsenic（3.86×10^-5） exceeded the acceptable risk threshold. Conclusion Ambient PM_2.5 pollution in urban Luoyang during the study period showed characterized dominant by anthropogenic sources，with particularly severe pollution in winter. Multiple toxic components in PM_2.5，especially BaP，As，and Cr posed significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the people. These pollutants should be prioritized for control，and targeted measures should be implemented to strengthen precise regulation of the major source of pollution.

Objective To developed a rapid analytical method combining solidification of floating organic droplet-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction（SFO-DLLME） with gas chromatography with electron capture detector（GC-ECD） for simultaneous determination of 20 organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） in water. Methods 12.5 mL water placed into the centrifuge tube and 0.625 g sodium chloride was added. 80 μL undecanol（extractant solvent） and 2.0 mL acetonitrile（dispersive solvent） were rapidly injected into water sample. After vortexed for 1 min，50 ℃ water bath for 5 minutes and centrifuged at 6 000 r/min for 3 min，the water sample was cooled down in an ice bath till undecanol became solid and formed a small ball. Then the solidified undecanol phase was transferred and directly detected by GC-ECD method after it melted. Separation was achieved by using an Rtx-5 column（30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm），with quantification performed by external standard method. Results Twenty OCPs were linear in the range of 0.01-0.10 μg/L with correlation coefficients（R²） between 0.995 and 0.999. The limits of detection of the twenty OCPs ranged from 1.25 to 2.50 ng/L，the limits of quantification of the twenty OCPs ranged from 3.75 to 7.25 ng/L. The recoveries of the twenty OCPs in the different water matrices（tap water，stream water and lake water） were 83.6%-107.2%，and relative standard deviation were 0.6%-5.8%（n=6） at three levels of 10，25 and 50 ng/L. Conclusion This method has high sensitivity，good accuracy and operational simplicity，and is applicable to the routine monitoring of twenty kinds of OCPs in water.

Objective To understand the influence of continuous guidance based on the national health belief model on the self-management ability and quality of life of obese type 2 diabetes（T2DM） patients. Methods From May 2023 to June 2024，120 T2DM patients with combined obesity were enrolled and randomly divided into a control group and an observation group，with 60 cases in each group，according to the principle of random number table. They were given routine continuous nursing（control group） and continuous nursing mode based on the national health belief model added on the basis of routine care. The compliance，nursing satisfaction，blood sugar level，diabetes complication rate and readmission rate during follow-up，self-management ability，quality of life scores and adverse events were compared between the two groups. Results After the intervention，compared with the control（the treatment adherence score 40.88±3.74），in the observation group it was significantly lower（23.77±3.38）（P<0.05），and the blood glucose level was also significantly lower（P<0.05）. The complication rate（11.67%），readmission rate（18.33%） and adverse event rate（16.67%） in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group（1.67%，5.00% and 3.33% respectively，all P<0.05）. After the intervention，the self-management ability and quality of life in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P<0.05）. The nursing satisfaction rate in the observation group（96.67%） was significantly higher than that in the control group（80.00%）（P<0.05）. Conclusion Continuity guidance based on the national health belief model can effectively improve treatment compliance and self-management ability of obese T2DM patients，improve blood glucose levels，reduce the incidence of complications，readmission and adverse events，and enhance nursing satisfaction and quality of life.

Objective s To understand the health risks of chlorination disinfection by-products（trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids） in drinking water via oral intake and skin contact in Jiangbei District of Chongqing City during 2023-2024. Methods A total of 200 water samples（finished water，tap water and secondary water supply） from 3 local waterworks（all using sodium hypochlorite for disinfection） were collected and monitored across four quarters during 2023-2024. Health risk assessment was performed based on the US EPA-recommended health risk model and Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals（WS/T 277-2021）. Results All water samples met the Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB 5749-2022）. For adults，the total lifetime carcinogenic risk of the five by-products was 64.55×10^-6，and the combined chronic non-carcinogenic risk was 0.131，both within acceptable limits. The total carcinogenic risks for adult males and females were 59.04×10^-6 and 70.56×10^-6，respectively，with statistically significant differences（P<0.05）. No significant differences were found between waterworks or supply links（P>0.05），but seasonal variations were significant—summer samples showed the highest risks（total carcinogenic risk：26.86×10^-6）（P<0.05）. Conclusion Both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the five chlorination disinfection by-products in the study area’s drinking water are acceptable. Trichloromethane is a key risk factor and should be prioritized for control.

Objective To understand the association between prenatal environmental exposures and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia（ALL） using an umbrella review methodology. Methods PubMed，the Cochrane Library，Embase，Web of Science，Scopus，CBM，CNKI，VIP Database and WanFang Data for systematic reviews and meta-analyses（SRoMAs） on risk factors for childhood ALL were systematically searched. The methodological quality of the included SRoMAs and the strength of the evidence were graded according to the umbrella review approach. A total of 20 eligible SRoMAs were included. Data synthesis，including the calculation of pooled effect sizes and heterogeneity analysis，was performed by using R 4.3.2. Results The umbrella review revealed a significant association between maternal exposure to pesticides in gestation and the risk of childhood ALL，with a pooled odds ratio（OR） of 1.42（95%CI：1.18-1.71，P<0.01）. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of this association，which was supported by Class I evidence（the highest grade）. No significant associations were found between childhood ALL and the other environmental factors，including exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields，maternal alcohol consumption，maternal coffee intake，or passive smoking during pregnancy. Conclusion This umbrella review of high-quality evidence identifies maternal exposure to pesticides in gestation as a significant risk factor for childhood ALL，supported by Class I evidence. This finding provides a high level of evidence for guiding primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing pesticide exposure during pregnancy.

Objective To understand the differences in the levels of inflammatory factors among patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） of different degrees，and to know the effects on the severity of OSAHS and the expression of myocardial enzymes. Methods A total of 225 OSAHS patients admitted to the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou from June 2021 to August 2025 were chosen as the research objects. According to apnea-hypopnea index（AHI），the patients were divided into mild group（AHI 5-15 times/h，n=48），moderate group（AHI>15-30 times/h，n=92） and severe group（AHI>30 times/h，n=85）. The patients were also divided into normal myocardial enzyme group（n=97） and elevated myocardial enzyme group（n=128） based on the expression level of myocardial enzymes. Compare the general data of patients in different AHI groups and myocardial enzyme groups. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between AHI level and inflammatory factor level of the patients. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of elevated myocardial enzyme expression level of the patients. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of OSAHS severity and inflammatory factor level on myocardial enzyme expression. Restricted cubic spline（RCS） was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between inflammatory factors and elevated myocardial enzyme expression level. A mediation effect model was constructed to analyze the mediating role of inflammatory factors in the relationship between OSAHS severity and elevated myocardial enzyme expression level. Results As the severity of OSAHS increased，the levels of procalcitonin（PCT），interleukin-6（IL-6），high-sensitivity C-reactive protein（hs-CRP），neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio（NLR），creatine kinase isoenzyme（CK-MB），creatine kinase（CK） and L-lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） in the three groups of patients gradually increased（P<0.05）. The apnea-hypopnea index（AHI） level was positively correlated with PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP and NLR（P<0.05）. The age，PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP，NLR，AHI were independent risk factors for elevated myocardial enzyme expression levels in patients，while LSaO₂ was a protective factor（P<0.05）. With the increase in the severity of OSAHS，the levels of CK-MB，CK and LDH in patients with different levels of inflammatory factors all increased（P<0.001）. There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between the levels of PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP and NLR and the risk of elevated myocardial enzyme levels. As the levels of PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP and NLR increased，the risk of elevated myocardial enzyme levels also increased（P<0.05）. The inflammatory factors played a mediating role between the severity of OSAHS and the expression level of myocardial enzymes（P<0.001）. Conclusion As the severity of OSAHS increases，the levels of inflammatory factors and the expression levels of myocardial enzymes in patients also increase. Clinically，by monitoring and controlling the levels of inflammatory factors in patients early，the risk of elevated expression levels of myocardial enzymes can be reduced，providing a theoretical basis and potential targets for clinical prevention and treatment of OSAHS-related myocardial damage.

Objective To know the sleep quality and mental health of offshore oil operation personnel，and to understand the influencing factors and correlations. Methods From March to July 2024，a total of 14 131 offshore oil workers from a state-owned enterprise were chosen as the research subjects through cluster sampling. A self-designed basic information questionnaire，the Pittsburgh sleep quality index（PSQI），the Maslach burnout inventory-general survey（MBI-GS），the symptom checklist-90（SCL-90），the social support rating scale（SSRS），and the psychological capital questionnaire（PCQ） were used for the investigation. A total of 13 716 valid questionnaires were collected，with an effective recovery rate of 97.06%. χ² test was used to analyze the distribution differences of the PSQI total scores among offshore oil workers with different demographic characteristics. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to explore the correlations between various mental health indicators and sleep quality. Multiple linear regression was employed to identify the influencing factors of sleep quality. Results The prevalence of sleep disorders among offshore oil workers was 16.33%. There were significant differences in the distribution of PSQI total scores，MBI-GS，SCL-90，SSRS，and PCQ scores among offshore oil workers of different ages，positions，lengths of service，and days at sea（P<0.05）. The PSQI total score was positively correlated with the MBI-GS and SCL-90 total scores（r values were 0.089 and 0.611，respectively，P<0.01），and negatively correlated with the SSRS and PCQ total scores（r values were-0.438 and-0.266，respectively，P<0.01）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that compared with operation position workers，the PSQI total scores of business position（P<0.01），technical position（P<0.01），and management position（P<0.01） workers were higher. Compared with workers with a service length of <11 years，the PSQI total scores of workers with a service length of 11~<20 years（P<0.05） were higher（β=0.024，P<0.05）. Compared with workers at sea for 180 days per year，the PSQI total scores of workers at sea for 230 days per year（β=-0.037，P<0.01） were lower，and those of workers at sea for 270 days per year（β=0.045，P<0.01） were higher. MBI-GS（β=0.018，P<0.01） and SCL-90（β=0.479，P<0.01） positively affected the PSQI total score，while SSRS（β=-0.212，P<0.01） and PCQ（β=-0.039，P<0.01） negatively affected the PSQI total score. Conclusion Offshore oil workers suffer from varying degrees of sleep disturbances and mental health problems. Sleep quality is associated with both occupational factors—such as job category，length of service and days spent at sea per year—and non-occupational factors，including burnout，somatic and psychological symptoms，social support and psychological capital. Targeted interventions should be developed for this population to improve sleep quality and promote overall physical and mental well-being.

Objective To understand pollution status of avian influenza virus in the poultry related environment of Ganzhou City during 2020-2024 and provide a reference for human infection risk assessment. Methods Avian influenza virus samples from the poultry-related sites were collected from three monitoring points in Anyuan County，Xingguo County and Ganxian District of Ganzhou City between 2020 and 2024. These samples were tested for pan-influenza A virus by nucleic acid detection. Monitoring sites included urban and rural live poultry markets，poultry slaughtering and processing plants，commercial poultry farms（households），and areas with concentrated backyard poultry flocks. The environmental specimens collected consisted of poultry-related samples obtained during transportation，sale，slaughter，processing and trading. These included poultry feces，water，swab specimens from poultry cage surfaces，swab specimens from slaughtering or meat-displaying boards，knives，and other relevant types. Venous blood samples were collected from occupationally exposed individuals at poultry slaughtering and processing plants，farms and backyard poultry households in Ganxian District. Serum specimens were separated and tested for antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Results 1 798 environmental samples were collected，in which 1 091 were positive for influenza A virus，with positive rate of 60.68%. Among them，the predominant influenza A subtypes detected were H5，H9，and H5+H9 co-infection，with no H7 positivity identified. H9 subtype was positive in 614（34.15%），H5 in 56（3.11%），H5+H9 co-infection in 248（13.79%），and 173 were positive for unsubtypable strains. H9 was the most prevalent subtype in environmental contamination. From 2020 to 2024，the avian influenza A virus positivity rates in environmental samples from poultry-related sites across Ganzhou City were 55.59%，60.56%，63.89%，59.17% and 64.17%，respectively. There was no significant difference in the positive rate between different years（χ²=7.628，P=0.106）. Positive samples were detected in all four quarters，with significantly different quarterly positivity rates（P<0.01）. All five types of environmental samples tested positive for avian influenza virus nucleic acid. The swabs from slaughtering/meat-displaying boards had the highest count（261 positives），followed by cage surface swabs（260 positives），while other types had the highest positive rate（85.57%）. A significant difference in positive rates was observed among sample types（P<0.01）. All three monitored counties/districts yielded positive samples，with significantly different regional positive rates（P<0.01）. The urban/rural live poultry markets showed the highest positive rate（82.28%），while commercial poultry farms had the lowest（2.36%），with significant differences（P<0.01）. 400 serum samples of occupationally exposed population were detected，10 were hemagglutinin antibody positive. Conclusion There is evidence of avian influenza virus contamination in poultry related environments in Ganzhou，with the H9 subtype being the predominant strain. Inapparent infection of avian influenza virus existed in occupational exposure population.Surveillance and management efforts should be strengthened in key areas and at high risk monitoring sites.

Objective To evaluate the occupational hazard exposure levels in key industries in Anyang City by monitoring occupational hazard factors in workplaces. Methods The data from the occupational hazard monitoring program in employers’ workplaces in Anyang City from 2021 to 2023 were collected and analyzed，including occupational health training，occupational health examination，occupational health management，and monitoring of occupational hazard factors. Results Among the 672 surveyed employers，the majority were in the manufacturing industry（644，95.83%） and small- or medium-sized enterprises（573，85.27%）. A total of 80 482 workers were exposed to occupational hazards，with the highest proportions in the manufacturing industry（68 360，84.94%） and large enterprises（51 813，64.38%）. A total of 331 employers had exceeded the standard for occupational hazard factor detection，with a exceedance rate of 49.26%. The disqualified rates in the workplace for dust，chemical toxicants and noise were 16.81%，7.48% and 21.39% respectively，while the disqualified rates in the job positions were 20.78%，9.35% and 13.38% respectively. And there were significant differences in the disqualified rates in workplaces and job positions for dust and noise across different years（all P<0.01）. Specifically，the disqualified rates for dust in both workplaces and job positions showed an increasing trend year by year（all P<0.01）. The disqualified rate in the workplaces for noise increased annually（χ²_trend=74.328，P<0.01），while it in the job position decreased significantly（χ²_trend=27.559，P<0.01）. The abnormal health examination rates for workers exposed to noise，chemical toxicants and dust were 4.78%，13.42% and 9.85% respectively，with significant annual variations（all P<0.05）. The training rates for primary responsible persons，exposed workers and occupational health management personnel were 86.31%，94.81% and 85.42% respectively. Significant differences were observed in the training rates for primary responsible persons and exposed workers across years（all P<0.05），showing an upward trend（all P<0.05）. The implementation rates of noise，chemical and dust control facilities in workplaces were 88.99%，46.94% and 97.72% respectively. The distribution rates of noise-proof earplugs or earmuffs，anti-toxic masks or respirators and dust-proof masks were 84.23%，46.36% and 98.48%，with wearing rates of 95.41%，96.86% and 98.46% respectively. Conclusion The prevention and control of occupational hazards in Anyang City still need to be improved，especially in the supervision of the manufacturing industry and small- or medium-sized enterprises，the management of key occupational hazard factors such as noise and dust，occupational health training and management，and the use of protective facilities and personal protective equipment，in order to effectively reduce the occupational disease risks and ensure the health of workers.

Objective To understand the pollution characteristics of metal elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM_2.5 in Ma’anshan City and the health risks to exposed population. Methods 1 126 ambient PM_2.5 samples were collected from Huashan District and Yushan District in Ma’anshan City from 2022 to 2024. The concentrations of 12 metal elements and 16 PAHs were determined. The health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was used to assess the health risks via the inhalation pathway. Results During the monitoring period，the average PM_2.5 concentration was 0.049 mg/m³，with 15.10% of the samples exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The health risk assessment indicated that for metallic elements，the individual carcinogenic risk（CR） values of chromium（Cr），arsenic（As） and cadmium（Cd） in adults，and that of lead（Pb） in children，were between 1.00×10^-6 and 1.00×10^-4，indicating potential carcinogenic risks that require attention. The non-carcinogenic risks（HI） of the remaining metal elements，as well as both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PAHs，were below the acceptable levels. Conclusion Specific metal elements carried by PM_2.5 in Ma’anshan City pose targeted health risks to the population. Cr，As and Cd for adults and Pb for children present potential carcinogenic risks and should be considered priority control pollutants. The current risk levels of PAHs are within the acceptable range.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of eight short-chain and ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids（PFAAs） in human urine by using solid-phase extraction（SPE） and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The urine samples were acidified with 2% formic acid，and purified by using WAX and ENVI-Carb SPE cartridges，and separated by UHPLC with gradient elution. The quantitative analysis of target compounds was quantified in negative electrospray ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring（MRM）. Results This method demonstrated a good linearity in the range of 0.1-50.0 μg/L，with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.998 1 to 0.999 7. The limits of detection ranged from 0.003 to 1.500 μg/L，and the limits of quantification were 0.010-4.500 μg/L. The precision（expressed as relative standard deviation） was 3.5%-8.5%，with recoveries of 71.2%-123.0%. Conclusion This method is accurate，reliable and is applicable to the determination of short-chain and ultra-short-chain PFAAs in human urine.

N6-methyladenosine（m6A） is a common chemical modification on eukaryotic RNA. The m6A methylation modification can regulate the splicing of RNA precursors，RNA nuclear export，translation process，and affect RNA stability. It not only has a significant influence on the expression of genes within cells but also participates in the regulation of gene expression，thereby exerting a profound influence on the gene expression of various organisms. In addition，autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes for the turnover of intracellular substances，which helps maintain normal cellular metabolism. This article summarized the research progress on the regulation of autophagy by m6A modification during the occurrence and development of fine particulate matter（PM_2.5）-induced lung injury，aiming to provide a reference for future studies on the regulatory mechanism of m6A modification in regulating autophagy levels in PM_2.5-induced lung injury and present a new direction for the exploration of treatment strategies for PM_2.5-induced lung injury.

Objective To understand the effect on disinfection of hotels in Qinghai Province，and to provide the references for improving the quality of disinfection work. Methods The disinfection quality surveillance data of 34 hotels was retrospectively analyzed in seven cities and prefectures，including Xining City，Haidong City，Haixi Prefecture，Haibei Prefecture，Yushu Prefecture，Hainan Prefecture and Huangnan Prefecture in Qinghai Province during 2022-2024. The qualified rate was calculated based on the total number of bacterial colonies to evaluate the quality of disinfection. The questionnaires were used to conduct on-site surveys of disinfection capabilities. The chi-square test was performed by using R4.3.1. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of disinfection qualified rate. Results During 2022-2024，2 273 object surface samples were collected and tested from 34 hotels，1 578 test results were qualified，the qualified rate was 69.42%，and the rest&living environment qualified rate was 63.53% and the public area environment qualified rate was 75.44%，the tableware and kitchen environment qualified rate was 73.47%. The object surface disinfection qualified rate of environment in different priority region showed significant differences（χ²=36.17，P<0.05）. The disinfection qualified rate for hotels and guesthouses of three-star and below was 61.60%，while that for hotels and guesthouses of four-star and above was 78.98%. The qualified rate of public facilities in different star hotels showed significant difference（χ²=79.27，P<0.05）. The disinfection qualified rate during the peak season was 65.80%，while during the off-season it was 73.75%. The microbial qualified rate of public facilities in hotels in different touring seasons showed significant difference（χ²=16.38，P<0.05）. There was no significant differences in effectiveness of different disinfection methods（χ²=1.99，P>0.05）. The multivariate analysis showed that the training，induction type water outlet，four-star and above hotels and the tourist off-season had better disinfection of object surfaces qualified conditions. The qualified rate of public supplies and equipment in hotels from 2022 to 2024 showed a downward trend（χ²_trend=30.48，P<0.05）. Conclusion The disinfection quality and ability of hotels in seven cities and prefectures of Qinghai Province need further improvement. More attention should be paid to the disinfection skills of hotel management and service personnel to enhance hygiene quality and safeguard public health.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 22 kinds of TVOCs in the air by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry（TD-GC-HRMS）. Methods In March 2025，the air samples were collected from 40 points in the living rooms and bedrooms of 20 residential houses by using Tenax tubes. The thermal desorption conditions，gas chromatography separation conditions and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS） in Scan mode（resolution 60 000） were set. After preparing the standard adsorption tubes to make the standard curve，the collected samples were analyzed. The results were evaluated according to the “Indoor Air Quality Standard”（GB/T 18883-2022）. Results With a sampling volume of 22.5 L，the 22 target compounds showed good linear relationships in the range of 0.11 to 17.8 μg/m³，with correlation coefficients all above 0.998. The limits of quantification were between 0.02 and 0.25 μg/m³. The recovery rates of the 22 compounds were 60.0% to 132.0%，and the RSDs were 2.6% to 23.7%. The recovery rates and precisions were good. The TVOC contents in the living rooms and bedrooms of 20 residential houses in Suzhou City were 11.70 to 107.40 μg/m³ and 19.90 to 126.80 μg/m³，respectively，and no significant difference was seen between the two sites（P>0.05）. Conclusion This detection method is highly accurate and convenient to operate，and is applicable to the quantitative determination of TVOCs in indoor air. HRMS is more conducive to the qualitative analysis of TVOCs.

Objective To know the influencing factors and distribution characteristics of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning by using latent category analysis method. Methods A total of 102 patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning admitted to Jinhua Central Hospital were chosen as the research subjects. These patients were divided into the brain injury group（37 cases） and the non-brain injury group（65 cases） based on whether they suffered from brain damage after poisoning，and the general information of the two groups was compared. The risk factors for the occurrence of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning were analyzed. Cluster analysis was used to divide the patients into high-risk and low-risk groups for brain injury occurrence based on different levels of specific central nervous system proteins（S100β）. The differences in the distribution characteristics of influencing factors between the two groups were compared. Results There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of poisoning severity，poisoning duration，coma duration，time of initiating hyperbaric oxygen（HBO） treatment，Glasgow Coma Scale（GCS） score，use of mechanical ventilation，metabolic acidosis，myocardial injury，ischemic electrocardiogram changes，typical brain computed tomography（CT）changes，neuron-specific enolase（NSE） and S100β levels（P<0.05）. Severe poisoning，poisoning duration ≥5.52 hours，coma duration ≥10.91 hours，time of initiating HBO treatment ≥16.89 hours，GCS≤5 points，myocardial injury，NSE ≥14.82 μg/L and S100β ≥156.45 μg/L were all independent risk factors for the occurrence of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning（P<0.05）. The probability of brain injury occurrence in the high-risk group（74.42%） was significantly higher than that in the low-risk group（8.47%）（P<0.05）. The proportion of “multiple risk factor distribution” in the high-risk group of brain injury occurrence（69.77%） was higher than that in the low-risk group（32.20%），while the proportion of “fewer risk factor distribution” in the high-risk group（30.23%） was lower than that in the low-risk group（67.80%）（P<0.05）. Conclusion Severe poisoning，poisoning duration ≥5.52 hours，coma duration ≥10.91 hours，initiation of HBO treatment ≥16.89 hours，GCS≤5 points，myocardial injury，NSE ≥14.82 μg/L and S100β ≥156.45 μg/L are all independent risk factors for the occurrence of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. The distribution characteristics of the influencing factors of brain injury occurrence in the high-risk group and the low-risk group of patients are significantly different.

Objective To understand the characteristics of endotoxin in PM_2.5 collected in the indoor air in a residential house and a college office. Methods The PM_2.5 samples were collected at the indoor of a residential house and a college office in Suzhou between the 10th and 16th of each month from January to December 2019，and the concentrations of endotoxin in PM_2.5 were measured. Results The concentrations of endotoxin in the indoor PM_2.5 collected from residential house and college office were 11.217 4 EU/mg and 24.105 7 EU/mg respectively，the endotoxin concentrations in the indoor PM_2.5 of college office were significantly higher compared with residential house（P<0.01）. The highest levels of endotoxin content in PM_2.5 of residential house and college office presented in summer and autumn respectively. Conclusion Endotoxin were detected in indoor PM_2.5 collected from residential house and a college office，further evaluation of its potential health risk should be concerned.