The research progress on ecological risk assessment of microplastics in water bodies was reviewed in this paper，included the ecological risk assessment procedures，methods and comprehensive applications. Based on the research progress in the ecological risk assessment of microplastics in water bodies，five assessment methods were analyzed：the Pollution Load Index（PLI），the Polymer Hazard Index（PHI），the Risk Index（RI），the Nemerow Pollution Index，and the Risk Quotient. The comprehensive evaluation status of ecological risk assessment for microplastic pollution in aquatic environments was also examined. Furthermore，improvements were proposed by introducing risk indices or scoring factors related to microplastic characteristics such as size，morphology，and adsorption capacity. The study aimed to establish a unified，scientific，and standardized model for assessing the ecological risks of microplastics，thereby providing a reference for the ecological risk management of microplastics.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering patterns of varicella in Yuyao City，Zhejiang Province during 2015 - 2024，identify the key areas for surveillance，and provide scientific data for formulating targeted prevention and control measures. Methods The relevant information on new varicella cases were collected from the "Surveillance Report Management Module of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" where the reported onset date was between January 1，2015，and December 31，2024，and the current residence was in Yuyao City，Zhejiang Province. The descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the incidence and trends. Metrics included the composition ratio，incidence and average annual percentage change（AAPC） of varicella cases across different years and populations，global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses（Moran’sⅠ） and spatiotemporal scan statistics. Results From 2015 to 2024，a total of 5 621 varicella cases were reported in Yuyao City，with an annual incidence ranging from 33.54/100 000 to 84.92/100 000. The average annual incidence was 48.18/100 000，showing a significant decreasing trend over the decade（P<0.001）. The incidence was significantly higher in males（52.93/100 000） than in females（43.19/100 000）（P<0.001）. The cases were primarily concentrated in 10-14 age group，accounting for 25.72% of all cases，with an incidence rate of 342.88/100 000. Occupationally，students（54.07%） constituted the majority of cases，followed by workers（9.16%），farmers（7.86%） and scattered children（7.83%）. The temporal distribution exhibited a bimodal pattern，with the primary peak occurring in winter（November-December） and a secondary peak in late spring and early summer（May-July）. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis yielded Moran’sⅠ values ranging from 0.421 to 0.613. Local spatial autocorrelation identified “high-high” clustering areas mainly in Fengshan Street，Lanjiang Street，Lizhou Street，Yangming Street，and Zhangting Town，while “low-low” clustering areas were located in Dalan Town，Simingshan Town，and Luting Township. Spatiotemporal scan analysis detected a first-class cluster centered in Fengshan Street，encompassing four streets or towns（RR=6.74，LLR=1 089.94，P<0.001）. Conclusion The incidence of varicella in Yuyao City showed a declining trend from 2015 to 2024，with different population，seasonal and regional distributions. Enhanced surveillance in key streets and towns and high-risk populations during peak seasons，along with continued health education and promotion of varicella vaccination，is recommended to further reduce the incidence.

Objective By establishing a standard curve for oxygen，the oxygen content in fixed pollution source exhaust samples is quantitatively analyzed，allowing for more accurate correction of oxygen interference in the samples，thereby improving the accuracy of non-methane total hydrocarbon measurements. Methods High-purity nitrogen gas was used to dilute hydrocarbon-free air，creating standard curves with varying nitrogen-oxygen ratios on the methane and total hydrocarbon columns，and this enabled precise oxygen content analysis and interference subtraction. Instrument settings were injection port 150 ℃，column 75 ℃，detector 200 ℃，carrier gas flow 20.0 mL/min. Results After optimization，the average recovery rates for methane and total hydrocarbons increased to 95.1%-97.0% and 95.2%-96.8%，respectively. The analysis time was reduced to 1.5 minutes. The correlation coefficients for total hydrocarbons and methane were ≥0.999 0. The RSDs for methane and total hydrocarbons were 1.1%-2.1% and 1.9%-2.4% respectively. The limits of detection were methane 0.053 mg/m³，total hydrocarbons 0.060 mg/m³ and non-methane total hydrocarbons 0.060 mg/m³ respectively. Conclusion The modified method offers high sensitivity and accuracy，meeting the requirements for non-methane total hydrocarbon measurement.

Di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate（DEHP） is a widely used plasticizer，and maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy may be closely associated with the exacerbation of autism spectrum disorder（ASD） symptoms in offspring. Based on this，this review focused on the association among prenatal DEHP exposure，maternal non-oxidative energy metabolism and offspring ASD，systematically analyzed the progress of relevant studies，and deeply discussed the core mechanism of action. The main findings are as follows：DEHP can generate active metabolites through hydrolytic metabolism，inhibiting maternal mitochondrial function，inducing metabolic reprogramming，and promote the shift of energy metabolism toward non-oxidative pathways. This abnormal maternal non-oxidative energy metabolism，as a key mediating variable，can interfere with the normal development of the fetal nervous system by disrupting placental function，triggering oxidative stress and inflammatory responses，thereby increasing the risk of ASD in offspring. Metabolomics technology and mediating effect statistical analysis may provide key support for the above associations and mechanisms，while current studies have limitations such as insufficient longitudinal tracking and interference from confounding factors. This review also clarified the future research directions in this field，providing a scientific basis for the early warning，prevention and development of targeted intervention strategies for ASD.

Objective To analyze the changing trends of drinking water quality in urban and rural areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin from 2019 to 2022，and provide the scientific data for further improving the drinking water quality and strengthening the sanitary management of drinking water. Methods The water samples were collected during the dry season and wet season each year. The samples were tested and evaluated according to the Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water（GB/T 5750-2006）and Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water（GB 5749-2006）. Results The overall qualified rate of drinking water in Jizhou District of Tianjin from 2019 to 2022 was 75.24%（638/848）.The qualified rate increased year by year，with significant differences across years（P<0.05）. The qualified rates for municipal water supply and small-scale centralized water supply were 99.26%（405/408） and 52.95%（233/440），respectively，with significant differences between water supply types（P<0.05）. The qualified rates for urban and rural areas were 100.00%（200/200） and 67.59%（438/648），respectively，demonstrating significant regional differences（P<0.05）. Conclusion The qualified rate of drinking water in urban and rural areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin presents a year-by-year upward trend. However，the qualified rate in rural areas remains relatively low，indicating an urgent need to address drinking water quality issues in these regions.

Objective To establish a highly sensitive and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） method for simultaneous determination of 11 quinolones and 4 tetracycline residues in pork. Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile water glacial acetic acid（84:15:1，volume ratio） by vortex oscillation. After centrifugation，the supernatant was purified with C₁₈ and N-propylethylenediamine（PSA） composite adsorbent. Methanol acetonitrile（4:6，volume ratio） and 0.1% formic acid water were used as the mobile phase for gradient elution，separated on HSS T3 column，determined in positive ion mode by multi reaction monitoring，and quantified by external standard method. Results The linear range of 15 veterinary drugs was 1.0-50.0 μg/L，and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.997 5. The limit of detection was 1.0 μg/kg，the recovery was 88.1% -107.8%，and the relative standard deviation was less than 5.0%. Conclusion This developed method is characterized by minimal organic solvent usage，ease of operation，and effective extraction and purification of pork matrix，which exhibits good accuracy and sensitivity，making it suitable for routine residues analysis.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and long-term trends of infectious diseases among primary，secondary school students and preschool children in Baodi District，Tianjin City during 2014-2023，and to provide the data for the surveillance and prevention of student-related infectious diseases. Methods The data on infectious diseases among the target population were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System，while school enrollment numbers were sourced from the District Education Bureau. The descriptive epidemiological methods and Joinpoint regression analysis were employed to analyze disease characteristics and incidence trends. The average annual percent change（AAPC） of incidence rate was calculated. Results A total of 8 460 cases of 21 kinds of infectious diseases were reported during 2014-2023，with an annual average incidence rate of 946.78 per 100 000. The top five diseases accounted for 93.11%（7 877/8 460） of cases：influenza（4 034 cases，451.45/100 000），hand，foot and mouth disease（HFMD，1 652 cases，184.88/100 000），other infectious diarrhea（945 cases，105.76/100 000），varicella（933 cases，104.41/100 000），and COVID-19（313 cases，35.03/100 000）. Seasonal indices for intestinal infectious diseases exceeded 1 from June to October，while respiratory infectious diseases peaked in March and November-December. The male cases（4 932，1 057.14/100 000） significantly outnumbered the female cases（3 528，826.20/100 000），with an gender ratio of 1.28∶1（P<0.01）. Incidence rates varied significantly across educational stages，peaking in preschool children（1 788.15/100 000） and reaching the lowest in junior high school students（537.79/100 000）（P<0.01）. Joinpoint regression revealed significant upward trends in overall incidence（P<0.01），gender-specific rates（male：AAPC=31.58，t=3.53，P<0.01；female：AAPC=34.58，t=3.84，P<0.01），educational stages（primary school：AAPC=42.17，t=4.39，P<0.01；junior high school： AAPC=39.98，t=3.83，P<0.01；senior high school：AAPC=29.30，t=3.01，P<0.05），and respiratory infections（AAPC=51.23，t=4.50，P<0.01）. Conclusion Infectious diseases are highly prevalent among primary and secondary school students，with an increasing incidence trend. Publicity and education on infectious diseases prevention and control in schools should be strengthened. The relevant departments should enhance the monitoring of infectious diseases，particularly focusing on key disease types，peak seasons and high-risk populations，by establishing targeted surveillance，early warning systems and intervention measures，and this approach will effectively and promptly prevent and control outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Objective To establish a method for determining residues of eight kinds of organochlorine pesticides，including hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane（DDT），in soil and sediment by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction（SPME） coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Methods The soil or sediment samples were extracted by using an extraction solvent（hexane∶acetone=1∶1）via ultrasonication. The extracts were then subjected to SPME by using a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber with 50/30 μm thickness. The determination was performed by using electron ionization（EI） in selected ion monitoring（SIM） mode. Results The eight target compounds showed good linear relationships within the range of 0.001 to 0.006 mg/kg，with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995. The spiked recoveries ranged from 83.2% to 105.3%，and the relative standard deviations（RSD） were all below 5.0%. The limits of detection were between 0.002 and 0.006 mg/kg. Conclusion This method is simple，sensitive and applicable to simultaneous determination of HCH，DDT and other 8 organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and sediment.

DNA，as the genetic material of humans，needs to be passed on to the next generation intact. However，endogenous and environmental factors constantly attack DNA causing DNA damage，affecting DNA replication，and mediating tumorigenesis. To cope with this threat，the human body has evolved a DNA damage repair（DDR） system to regulate DNA damage，transmit DNA damage signals and mediate repair，thus preventing a wide range of diseases，such as malignant tumors，caused by DNA mutations，which is of significance in the field of biology. With the continuous mining of DDR system，the mechanism of key proteins involved in DDR pathways，such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase（PARP）1/2，ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein（ATM）/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related（ATR）/DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit（DNA-PKcs），WEE1 G2 checkpoint kinase（WEE1）/checkpoint kinase 1（CHK1） and polymerase epsilon（POLE）/polymerase delta 1（POLD），in DDR has been widely concerned. This paper summarized the role and mechanism of known proteins in DDR signal transmission and DNA repair，strengthened the understanding of DDR pathways，and provided important ideas for finding DDR targets and treating diseases caused by DNA mutations.

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of infectious diseases among primary and secondary school students in Changchun City，and to provide the scientific data for controlling and reducing the risks of infectious diseases. Methods The legally notifiable infectious diseases cases reported among primary and secondary school students in Changchun City from 2014 to 2023 were obtained from the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention，and statistically analyzed from different dimensions through descriptive research methods. Results From 2014 to 2023，22 kinds of infectious diseases were reported in primary and secondary schools in Changchun City，without deaths. These accounted for 11.32% of the total reported cases in the entire population，and the average annual incidence rate was 247.71 per 100 000. There were no reports of Class A infectious diseases. There were 13 kinds of Class B infectious diseases，accounting for 30.01% of the total number of student cases. There were 6 kinds of Class C infectious diseases，accounting for 33.18%. There were 3 other non-statutory infectious diseases such as chickenpox，accounting for 36.81%. From 2014 to 2023，the top 5 diseases reported in primary and secondary schools in Changchun City，ranked as chickenpox，influenza，novel coronavirus infection，hand-foot-mouth disease and mumps，accounting for 86.07% of the total reported cases. During 2014-2023，the disease with the highest incidence rate was chickenpox，except for novel coronavirus infection（in 2022） and influenza（in 2023），all the others were chickenpox. From 2014 to 2023，respiratory infectious diseases accounted for the majority of infectious diseases reported in primary and secondary schools. There were 10 kinds of infectious diseases reported，with a total of 16 638 cases，accounting for 88.42% of the total number of cases，and the average incidence rate was 219.03 per 100 000 people. Conclusion In Changchun City，chickenpox is the most prevalent infectious disease among primary and secondary school students，while the rest are influenza，novel coronavirus infection，hand-foot-mouth disease and mumps. The proportion is relatively high. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control measures for key infectious diseases among primary and secondary school students and increase the vaccination rate to effectively reduce the risk of infectious diseases among them.

Objective To understand the association between prenatal environmental exposures and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia（ALL） using an umbrella review methodology. Methods PubMed，the Cochrane Library，Embase，Web of Science，Scopus，CBM，CNKI，VIP Database and WanFang Data for systematic reviews and meta-analyses（SRoMAs） on risk factors for childhood ALL were systematically searched. The methodological quality of the included SRoMAs and the strength of the evidence were graded according to the umbrella review approach. A total of 20 eligible SRoMAs were included. Data synthesis，including the calculation of pooled effect sizes and heterogeneity analysis，was performed by using R 4.3.2. Results The umbrella review revealed a significant association between maternal exposure to pesticides in gestation and the risk of childhood ALL，with a pooled odds ratio（OR） of 1.42（95%CI：1.18-1.71，P<0.01）. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of this association，which was supported by Class I evidence（the highest grade）. No significant associations were found between childhood ALL and the other environmental factors，including exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields，maternal alcohol consumption，maternal coffee intake，or passive smoking during pregnancy. Conclusion This umbrella review of high-quality evidence identifies maternal exposure to pesticides in gestation as a significant risk factor for childhood ALL，supported by Class I evidence. This finding provides a high level of evidence for guiding primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing pesticide exposure during pregnancy.

Objective To explore the feasibility of a measurement method for indoor ventilation and air exchange in public places based on a tracer gas intelligent control system in practical applications. Methods Ten public places equipped with centralized air conditioning and ventilation systems were selected as the experimental subjects. Under the same experimental conditions，paired experiments were conducted respectively by using the traditional fresh air volume measurement method（duct method） and the tracer gas intelligent control system method. The consistency of the measurement results of the two methods was quantitatively evaluated by using the Bland-Altman analysis method. Results The average value of the difference in air change rates measured by the two methods（d₁） was 0.167 times/h，the standard deviation of the difference（S_d1） was 0.199 times/h，and the 95% limit of agreement （LoA1：d₁±1.96S_d1） was -0.223 to 0.557 times/h. The average value of the difference in fresh air volume（d₂） was 2.578 m³/（person·h），the standard deviation of the difference（S_d2） was 1.894 m³/（person·h），and the 95% limit of agreement（LoA2：d₂±1.96S_d2） ranged from -1.134 to 6.290 m³/（person·h）. The Bland-Altman diagram results showed that all experimental points were within the 95% limit of agreement，and no obvious systematic trend was observed in the scattered point distribution，suggesting that there was no significant systematic bias in the measurement of air change rate between the two methods. Conclusion The ventilation and air exchange measurement method based on the tracer gas intelligent control system has good consistency with the traditional standard air duct method and can be used according to the requirements of specific application scenarios.

Objective To undesrtand the features of heavy metal contamination in farmland soil and the human health risk in the karst mountainous areas of Southeastern Chongqing，and to provide a scientific data for the prevention and control of heavy metal contamination in farmland soil and land utilization in the karst mountainous areas. Methods According to the shape of the farmland，no less than 1 kg of the 0-20 cm surface soil was collected by using the serpentine method，the double diagonal method or the plum blossom point method，with a mixture of 5 points. A total of 130 farmland soil samples were collected in the karst mountainous area in Southeastern Chongqing. The soil pH and the contents of eight heavy metal elements，namely arsenic（As），cadmium（Cd），chromium（Cr），copper（Cu），mercury（Hg），nickel（Ni），lead（Pb） and zinc（Zn） were determined. The soil accumulation index was used to conduct the evaluation of soil heavy metal contamination. The health risk assessment model published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency（USEPA） was adopted and combined with the exposure parameters of the Chinese population to conduct human health risk evaluation. Results The average contents of As，Cd，Cr，Cu，Hg，Ni，Pb and Zn in the soil of the study area were 1.79，1.62，1.12， 1.21，3.48，1.03，1.34 and 1.28 times the background values of the soil in Chongqing，respectively，showing different degrees of enrichment characteristics. Among them，the disqualification rates of Cd and Hg were relatively high，47.96% and 8.16%，respectively. The cumulative index evaluation results showed that the contamination levels of Hg，As and Cd in the soil were relatively high，with a relatively high proportion of medium and light contamination，no other heavy metal contamination was generally observed. The total index of non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals in the soil of the study area for adults and children was 0.133 and 0.839，respectively，and the non-carcinogenic risk could be ignored. The total cancer risk indices for adults and children were 6.30×10^-5 and 9.55×10^-5，respectively，indicating an acceptable cancer risk. Both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were higher in children than in adults，and oral intake was the main exposure route. Conclusion The prevention and control of heavy metal contamination in farmland soil in karst mountainous areas should be further strengthened. In addition to the heavy metal elements with high disqualification rates，such as Cd and Hg，special attention should also be paid to elements with higher risks to human health，such as As，Cr and Ni.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Binhai New Area，Tianjin City from 2014 to 2024，and predict its incidence trend in 2025，thereby providing the evidence for future prevention and control of bacillary dysentery. Methods A total of 13 987 cases of bacillary dysentery reported in Binhai New Area from 2014 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The data were organized and analyzed by using Excel 2021 and SPSS 26.0 software for epidemiological characterization. A Holt-Winters multiplicative model was established to predict the incidence trend in 2025. Results From 2014 to 2024，Binhai New Area reported 13 987 cases of bacillary dysentery，without fatal cases. The average annual incidence rate was 49.54 per 100 000 population，and the differences in incidence rates across years were statistically significant（P<0.05）. The high-incidence period occurred from May to October. The highest incidence rate（468.01 per 100 000） was observed in the 0- age group. The cases were mainly scattered children，workers and students. High-risk areas included Tanggu Street，Dagang Street and Hangu Street. The Holt-Winters multiplicative model predicted a total of 870 cases of bacterial dysentery in 2025，which was a slight decrease compared to 2024. Conclusion The incidence of bacillary dysentery in Binhai New Area presents a seasonal variation，with a high prevalence from May to October. Children aged 0-years are the focus population for prevention and control. The predicted incidence level for 2025 shows a decline，remaining at a consistently low and stable level overall.

As a new type of environmental pollutant，microplastics enter the organisms through multiple exposure pathways such as dietary intake，respiratory inhalation and skin contact，and have become a key environmental risk factor that threatens the stability of ecosystems and the sustainability of human health. This article focused on the food-borne exposure pathways of microplastics，systematically reviewed their migration and accumulation characteristics in the food chain，and focused on the toxicological effects of single microplastic exposure scenarios，including key scientific issues such as oxidative stress induction，cell damage effects，and physiological function interference. The purpose of this paper is to provide the theoretical support for deepening the risk perception of diet-related microplastic pollution，and to promote the improvement of environmental monitoring system and public health protection awareness.

Microalgae detection plays a crucial role in assessing algal contamination in source water. Traditional microscopic examination is labor-intensive，time-consuming and highly dependent on the examiner’s experience. In contrast，computer-based image processing and recognition technologies can rapidly acquire morphological information of algal cells and achieve classification，thereby assisting in microalgae detection.This paper reviewed the research progress in two core aspects of algal cell recognition：image processing techniques and classification methods. Based on this review，the next step involves method refinement to achieve faster，more accurate，efficient and cost-effective automated algal detection technologies.

Objective To understand the variability of oxidative stress and inflammation induced in lung tissue by exposure to different concentrations of mould aerosols. Methods Based on the level of mould contamination in the building environment，healthy BALB/C mice were exposed to 1 500，15 000 and 150 000 CFU/m³ concentration levels of mould aerosol respectively and 15 000 CFU/m³+vitamin E treatment group were introduced. At the end of the experiment，inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured in each group. Results Compared with the control group，8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine（8-OHdG），tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） levels significantly increased in 1 500 CFU/m³ group（P<0.01），and reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），8-OHdG，TNF-α，interleukin-4（IL-4） levels significantly increased in 15 000 CFU/m³ group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001，respectively），and glutathione（GSH） level decreased significantly（P<0.05）. ROS，MDA，TNF-α and IL-4 levels significantly increased in the 150 000 CFU/m³ group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001，respectively）. In 15 000 CFU/m³+vitamin E treatment group，ROS，MDA，and TNF-α levels decreased significantly after vitamin E treatment（P<0.05，P<0.001，respectively），and GSH levels increased significantly（P<0.05）. Conclusion Mould exposure may induce inflammation and oxidative damage in the lungs of mice，however，the responses may vary with different exposure concentrations，with the most significant effects observed at 15 000 CFU/m³. These findings suggest that mould-induced lung damage in asthma is not linearly correlated with exposure concentration.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in Nankai District，Tianjin from 2020 to 2024，and to provide the evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods The foodborne disease data reported by sentinel hospitals were collected to analyze the results of time，population，suspected food and sources，as well as etiological test results by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 6 301 cases were reported over the past 5 years，showed an upward trend（peaking in 2023 with 1 598 cases）. The high incidence period was concentrated from May to November，while the low incidence period was from January to February，exhibiting a bimodal distribution with peaks in July（13.51%） and November（12.20%）. The incidence rate among females（53.93%） was slightly higher than that among males. The group aged 65-74 had the highest number of cases（1 564 cases，24.82%），with people aged 55 and above accounting for 55.75%. There was a significant difference in gender incidence rates among different age groups（P<0.01）. The main occupational group affected was retired personnel，with a total of 2 743 cases（43.53% of the total），followed by key focus groups such as students，with a total of 405 cases（6.43% of the total）. In terms of the places where the illness occurred，home-made food（58.59%） was the main source，followed by commercial food，accounting for 40.81%. Suspected foods mainly came from grains and their products（1 149 cases，18.22%），mixed foods（1 007 cases，15.97%），and meat and meat products（943 cases，14.96%）. The pathogenic microorganisms were mainly Salmonella（46.34%） and Norovirus（34.15%）. Conclusion The surveillance data from 2020 to 2024 indicate that foodborne disease incidence in Nankai District，Tianjin showed a sustained upward trend with distinct seasonal characteristics，forming two incidence peaks in summer and early winter. Elder populations and homemade food were identified as the major risk factors.

Objective To understand the current status of Legionella pneumophila contamination in public shower water in Fengtai District，Beijing City，and to provide targeted suggestions and measures for prevention and control of Legionellosis transmitted through hot water systems. Methods From 2023 to 2025，based on the principle of random sampling，90 public places with shower nozzles in Fengtai District of Beijing City were chosen，according to the “Examination Methods for Public Places”（GB/T 18204-2013），the water samples were collected and tested for Legionella pneumophila. Results From 2023 to 2025，23 public places in Fengtai District of Beijing City were detected with Legionella pneumophila in shower water，with a detection rate of 25.56%. A total of 180 samples of shower water were collected，with a positive rate 20.00%，and the Philadephia 1 accounted for 19.44%（7/36） of the positive strains. The positive rates in different places types were 27.66% and 11.63% in hotel rooms and public bath respectively，with significant difference（χ²=7.21，P<0.01）. The positive rates in different years were 10.00%，35.00% and 15.00% respectively during 2023-2025，with significant difference（χ²=13.13，P<0.01）. The highest positive rates（28.79%） was in 19-<31 ℃ water temperature group and the lowest（0%） in 46-65 ℃ group，with significant difference（P=0.049）. Conclusions Legionella pneumophila contamination is widespread in shower water in public places in Fengtai District of Beijing City during 2023-2025. In the public places，especially the accommodation places，the sanitary management of hot water systems should be strengthened. The health department should strengthen the monitoring and timely release the risk assessment and early warning. The measures such as flushing with hot water are effective to control Legionella in hot water pipes.

Objective To establish a highly sensitive and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） method for simultaneous determination of 23 kinds of perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） in poultry meat. Methods Accurately weigh 2 g of poultry meat sample and add a certain amount of isotopic internal standard. After ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile，pass it through a solid-phase extraction column. The effluent is salted out and stratified，take the acetonitrile layer and nitrogen-blow it to dryness，then redissolve it with an appropriate amount of methanol. Methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium formate solution were used as the mobile phase for gradient elution，and it is separated by using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 chromatographic column，and determined by using multiple reaction monitoring in negative ion mode. Quantification was performed by using the internal standard method. Results The method demonstrated excellent linear relationships for 23 kinds of PFASs over a concentration range of 0.2-50.0 ng/mL，with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.01-0.02 μg/kg and 0.03-0.06 μg/kg，respectively. The average recovery rates ranged from 70.8% to 111.6%，with relative standard deviations between 3.4% and 14.9%. Conclusion The proposed method possesses the advantages of simple pretreatment，high sensitivity，good precision and accuracy，which is well suitable for simultaneous determination of 23 kinds of PFASs in poultry meat samples.

Objective To understand the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and the drug resistance characteristics of pulmonary infections in surgical patients at a certain hospital from 2020 to 2024. Methods The research data of 57 patient at Hengdian Wenrong Hospital who underwent surgery and had pulmonary infections from January 2020 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum specimens were collected from the patients for culture，identification and drug sensitivity test analysis. The clinical data of 30 patients who underwent surgery at the same hospital but without pulmonary infections during the same period were also collected to analyze the risk factors of pulmonary infection. Results A total of 59 pathogenic bacteria were detected in the 57 patients，with 19 strains（32.20%） detected in 2020，13 strains（22.03%） in 2021，8 strains（13.56%） in 2022，6 strains（10.17%） in 2023，and 13 strains（22.03%） in 2024. The pathogenic bacteria were mainly Gram-negative bacteria，the 5-year composition ratios were 52.63%，46.15%，62.50%，66.67% and 53.85% respectively，and the total composition ratio was 54.24%. The main pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa，followed by Gram-positive bacteria，the 5-year composition ratios were 36.84%，38.46%，37.50%，33.33% and 30.77% respectively，and the total composition ratio was 35.59%. The main pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher resistance to piperacillin，cefuroxime and gentamicin. Staphylococcus aureus showed higher resistance to penicillin，erythromycin and levofloxacin，and Streptococcus pneumoniae showed higher resistance to erythromycin，clindamycin and compound novobiocin. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that length of hospital stay（OR=1.483，95%CI：1.012-2.173），invasive procedures（OR= 1.253，95%CI：1.009-1.567），prolonged bed rest（OR=1.853，95%CI：1.103-3.116） and hypoproteinemia（OR=1.662， 95%CI：1.086-2.543） were all risk factors for pulmonary infection in elective surgery patients（P<0.05）. Conclusion From 2020 to 2024，pulmonary infections in surgical patients at this hospital were mainly caused by Gram-negative bacteria，mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa，which showed higher resistance to piperacillin，cefuroxime，and gentamicin. For those with long hospital stays，invasive procedures，prolonged bed rest and hypoproteinemia，targeted intervention measures should be formulated to actively prevent the occurrence of pulmonary infections.

Objective To understand the toxic effect of sodium ρ-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate（OBS） on the axis of gut microbiota-endocrine. Methods 32 male ICR mice aged six weeks were randomly divided into the control（CON，0.0 μg/L） and OBS exposed groups（0.1，1.0 and 10.0 μg/L），8 in each，treated through drinking water for 6 weeks. During the OBS exposure，the weight changes of mice were measured. After the OBS exposure，all mice were sacrificed，and histopathological examination of the testis was done. The levels of testosterone，triiodothyronine（T3） and tetraiodothyronine（T4） in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The mRNA levels of AR，ERα，ERβ，HMG-CoA，HMG-CoA，LDL-R，SR-B1，STAR，PBR，P450SCC，3β-HSD，P45017α and 17β-HSD in the testis and the relative abundance of gut microbiota（Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes，Actinobacteria，α-Proteobacteria，β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria） in colon and cecum were measured by qRT-PCR. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the structure and composition of gut microbiota in cecal contents. Results Compared with the control，no significant changes were seen in the testis weights，the ratio of the testis weights and body weights，testicular structure in 0.1，1.0 and 10.0 μg/L OBS groups. Compared with the control，the serum levels of testosterone decreased after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure and the serum levels of T4 significantly increased in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L OBS groups（P<0.05），while no significant change was showed in the serum levels of T3 after OBS exposure. Compared with the control，the mRNA levels of AR，ERα，ERβ，HMG-CoA reductase，HMG-CoA synthase，LDL-R，SR-B1，STAR，PBR，P450SCC，3β-HSD，P45017α and 17β-HSD did not change after OBS exposure. However，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes after 1.0 μg/L and 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure and the relative abundance of Firmicutes and β-Proteobacteria decreased in 10.0 μg/L OBS group in colonic contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. The relative abundance of Firmicutes，α-Proteobacteria，β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure，the relative abundance of Firmicutes and α-Proteobacteria after 1.0 μg/L OBS exposure，and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in three OBS groups were down-regulated in cecal contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. Differently，the relative abundance of Actinobacteria were up-regulated after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure in cecal contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the percentage of Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes and Proteobacteria changed at the phylum level in cecal contents after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure. Among the Operational Taxonomic Units（OTUs） identified with gut microbiota of mice，there were 433 OTUs in the control and 172 OTUs in the 10.0 μg/L OBS except for the common OTUs. And the differential microbiota patterns of gut microbiota could also be observed by using a principal component analysis. However，the α-diversity index of gut microbiota showed that the indexes of Shannon，Simpson，Chao1 and Ace were no significant changed after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure compared with the control. The analysis of LDA Effect Size（LEfSe） revealed that Bacteroidaceae，Bacteroides，Peptococcaceae and Bilophila were mainly affected by 10.0 μg/L OBS，and their relative abundance were up-regulated after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure. Conclusion Although，OBS can not cause the changes of testicular tissue weight and pathology，it can decrease serum content of testosterone and increase serum T4 content. Additionally，the structure and composition of gut microbiota in mice may change after OBS treatment. Bacteroidaceae，Bacteroides，Peptococcaceae and Bilophila may be biomarkers for OBS toxic effect，and their abundance may increase after OBS treatment. It suggests that OBS may affect endocrine homeostasis in mice through gut microbiota biomarkers and there is the axis（gut microbiota -endocrine axis） of OBS action in mice.

Objective To understand the protective effect of a dietary supplement on lung injury induced by radon exposure in mice. Methods Male BALB/C mice of 6-8 weeks were used as the experimental subjects. The lung injury models were established by exposing mice to varying doses of radon（30，60 and 120 WLM，respectively）. The 120 WLM dose group was selected for subsequent experiments. The mice were randomly divided into three groups：blank control group，radon-exposed group and dietary supplement group. Concurrently with radon exposure，mice in the dietary supplement group received daily gavage（0.5 mL） of a supplement containing edible alcohol，propolis，vitamins，selenium and other components. On the day following the final radon exposure，the mice were sacrificed，and the lung tissues were harvested，sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin（HE） for microscopic examination of morphological changes. The activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA） in lung tissue were measured. Results Compared to the blank control group，both the 120 WLM radon-exposed group and the dietary supplement group exhibited pathological alterations in the lung tissue，including thickened alveolar walls，widened alveolar septa，damaged alveolar epithelial cells and inflammatory cell infiltration. However，compared to the radon-exposed group alone，the dietary supplement group showed less pronounced thickening of alveolar walls，damage to alveolar epithelial cells，and inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with radon-exposed group，SOD activity was increased，and MDA content was decreased in the lung tissue of the dietary supplement group，without significant difference（P>0.05）. Conclusion The dietary supplement may mitigate radon-induced oxidative stress damage in the lung and enhance antioxidant capacity，demonstrating a protective effect on lung injury. The present study will provide a scientific basis for developing protective strategies for populations exposed to radon.

N6-methyladenosine（m6A） is a common chemical modification on eukaryotic RNA. The m6A methylation modification can regulate the splicing of RNA precursors，RNA nuclear export，translation process，and affect RNA stability. It not only has a significant influence on the expression of genes within cells but also participates in the regulation of gene expression，thereby exerting a profound influence on the gene expression of various organisms. In addition，autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes for the turnover of intracellular substances，which helps maintain normal cellular metabolism. This article summarized the research progress on the regulation of autophagy by m6A modification during the occurrence and development of fine particulate matter（PM_2.5）-induced lung injury，aiming to provide a reference for future studies on the regulatory mechanism of m6A modification in regulating autophagy levels in PM_2.5-induced lung injury and present a new direction for the exploration of treatment strategies for PM_2.5-induced lung injury.

Objective To understand the contamination level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） in commercially available edible oils in Wenzhou City，and to verify the actual dietary exposure risk of PAHs via edible oil consumption under the framework of current national standards，identify potential risk points associated with specific scenarios and oil types，and to provide scientific evidence to inform food safety supervision and risk mitigation strategies. Methods The stratified random sampling was employed to collect edible oil samples from supermarkets，farmers’ markets，wholesale markets and catering establishments across districts and counties of Wenzhou City. Sixty-six vegetable oil samples were obtained，encompassing peanut oil，soybean oil，rapeseed oil，corn oil，sunflower oil，blended oil，rice bran oil，hydrogenated vegetable oil and olive oil. Sixteen target PAHs were analyzed in accordance with the National Food Safety Standard：Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods （GB 5009.265-2021）. The point estimation model was used to calculate the estimated daily intake of benzo（a）pyrene（BaP），PAH4，and PAH8，while the margins of exposure（MOE） approach was applied to characterize carcinogenic risk. Results Of the 66 vegetable oil samples，10 out of the 16 target PAHs were detected，with individual detection rates ranging from 4.55% to 40.91%. Significant differences were seen in detection rates among PAHs（χ²=173.462，P<0.05），with benzo（g，h，i）perylene exhibiting the highest detection rate（40.91%）. The mean concentration of BaP was 0.70 μg/kg（detection rate：25.76%）. All samples complied with China’s national standard for BaP（<10 μg/kg），but 3 samples exceeded the EU limit（2 μg/kg）. The mean concentrations of PAH4 and PAH8 were 3.43 and 6.00 μg/kg，respectively，notably，3 samples exceeded the EU limit for PAH4（10 μg/kg）. Significant differences in PAH detection rates were observed across oil types（P<0.05），peanut oil and sunflower oil showed relatively higher contamination levels，whereas no PAHs were detected in olive oil. Under exposure scenarios based on the mean，95th percentile（P₉₅），and maximum values，the MOE values for BaP，PAH4 and PAH8 were all substantially above 10 000. Conclusion PAH contamination in commercially available edible oils in Wenzhou City is generally at a safe level，and the dietary carcinogenic risk from PAH exposure via edible oils is low for residents. However，some samples exceeded EU limits，and specific oil types（e.g.，sunflower oil，peanut oil） exhibited relatively high contamination. It is recommended that regulatory authorities include PAH4 in routine monitoring indicators，strengthen supervision of high-risk oil types，and guide consumers to optimize their edible oil consumption practices.

Objective To understand the gross α and gross β radioactivity levels of surface water in the Li River Basin of Guilin and the health risks. Methods From 2021 to 2022，the sampling sites were arranged across the entire Li River Basin，and the water samples were collected in both wet and dry seasons. Low-background α/β measurement technology was adopted to detect radioactive concentrations. A health risk model was used to quantify the exposure risks via drinking water among populations of different age groups. Results The concentrations of gross α and gross β radioactivity in surface water of the Li River Basin ranged from 0.011 to 0.126 Bq/L and 0.037 to 0.336 Bq/L，respectively，both lower than the guideline values specified in the Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB 5749-2022）. The radioactivity levels in the dry season were significantly higher than those in the wet season（P<0.05），and the tributaries contributed more radioactivity than the main stream. The annual committed effective dose to the public through drinking water was far below the national standard guided limit. The total carcinogenic risk was far lower than the safety threshold of 10^-6，indicating no obvious adverse health effects. Children were identified as the sensitive population，and gross α was the primary risk contributor. Conclusion The gross α and gross β radioactivity levels of surface water in the Li River Basin comply with national relevant standards for drinking water. The overall radiological environment is safe. The radiological dose and carcinogenic risk associated with public exposure through drinking water are within acceptable limits，without apparent adverse health impacts. This study can provide scientific data support for drinking water safety guarantee and routine radiological environmental management in the Li River Basin.

Objective To understand the differences in the levels of inflammatory factors among patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） of different degrees，and to know the effects on the severity of OSAHS and the expression of myocardial enzymes. Methods A total of 225 OSAHS patients admitted to the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou from June 2021 to August 2025 were chosen as the research objects. According to apnea-hypopnea index（AHI），the patients were divided into mild group（AHI 5-15 times/h，n=48），moderate group（AHI>15-30 times/h，n=92） and severe group（AHI>30 times/h，n=85）. The patients were also divided into normal myocardial enzyme group（n=97） and elevated myocardial enzyme group（n=128） based on the expression level of myocardial enzymes. Compare the general data of patients in different AHI groups and myocardial enzyme groups. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between AHI level and inflammatory factor level of the patients. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of elevated myocardial enzyme expression level of the patients. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of OSAHS severity and inflammatory factor level on myocardial enzyme expression. Restricted cubic spline（RCS） was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between inflammatory factors and elevated myocardial enzyme expression level. A mediation effect model was constructed to analyze the mediating role of inflammatory factors in the relationship between OSAHS severity and elevated myocardial enzyme expression level. Results As the severity of OSAHS increased，the levels of procalcitonin（PCT），interleukin-6（IL-6），high-sensitivity C-reactive protein（hs-CRP），neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio（NLR），creatine kinase isoenzyme（CK-MB），creatine kinase（CK） and L-lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） in the three groups of patients gradually increased（P<0.05）. The apnea-hypopnea index（AHI） level was positively correlated with PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP and NLR（P<0.05）. The age，PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP，NLR，AHI were independent risk factors for elevated myocardial enzyme expression levels in patients，while LSaO₂ was a protective factor（P<0.05）. With the increase in the severity of OSAHS，the levels of CK-MB，CK and LDH in patients with different levels of inflammatory factors all increased（P<0.001）. There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between the levels of PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP and NLR and the risk of elevated myocardial enzyme levels. As the levels of PCT，IL-6，hs-CRP and NLR increased，the risk of elevated myocardial enzyme levels also increased（P<0.05）. The inflammatory factors played a mediating role between the severity of OSAHS and the expression level of myocardial enzymes（P<0.001）. Conclusion As the severity of OSAHS increases，the levels of inflammatory factors and the expression levels of myocardial enzymes in patients also increase. Clinically，by monitoring and controlling the levels of inflammatory factors in patients early，the risk of elevated expression levels of myocardial enzymes can be reduced，providing a theoretical basis and potential targets for clinical prevention and treatment of OSAHS-related myocardial damage.

The study of mineral elements in drinking water and their health effects has long been central to scientific exploration，with increasing evidence progressively shaping our understanding. Drinking natural mineral water can supply significant amounts of vital elements such as calcium，magnesium and lithium，leading to several health advantages. To consolidate the existing knowledge，a systematic search was conducted across PubMed，Web of Science，Sciencedirect，CNKI and Wanfang Data for peer-reviewed publications from the past five years，offering a comprehensive review of the health effects related to these mineral elements.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infections in Binhai New Area，Tianjin from 2018 to 2024，and establish a risk prediction model to provide a scientific basis for the prevention，control and prediction of norovirus outbreaks in the future. Methods The relevant data on norovirus gastroenteritis cases in Binhai New Area，Tianjin from 2018 to 2024 were collected，an ARIMA model was established to predict the norovirus epidemic trend in 2025. Results From 2018 to 2024，a total of 947 suspected cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in Binhai New Area. Among them，172 cases were confirmed. The predominant genotype was GⅡ（68.75%）. Joinpoint regression analysis indicated that the overall incidence showed an upward trend（Annual Percent Change=18.87%，P<0.01）. The incidence presented a bimodal seasonal distribution，with epidemic peaks in May and from September to November each year（seasonal index>1）. The male-to-female ratio of incidence was 1.35∶1，without significant difference（P>0.05）. The affected population mainly consisted of children，adolescents and the elderly over 60（58.61%）. A positive correlation was found between the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis and the positive detection rate of norovirus in commercially available food（Spearman correlation coefficient =0.350，P<0.05）. The predominant genotype of norovirus in food was GⅡ（59.09%）. A total of 35 outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported，with GⅡ being the dominant genotype（62.86%）. The main source of infection was contagious（77.14%）. The ARIMA model was fitted to predict that the number of norovirus infection cases in 2025 would be basically the same as that in 2024（Ljung-Box Q=22.85，P=0.12）. Conclusion From 2018 to 2024，the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis in Binhai New Area showed an upward trend. Scattered children were the main affected population，and kindergartens and nurseries were the primary outbreak sites. GⅡ was the dominant genotype of norovirus. Conclusion efforts are needed to strengthen monitoring，food supervision and health education to prevent the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks.

Objective To develop a method for the determination of the residues of 14 pesticides including chlorsulfuron，atrazine and carbofuran in drinking water by gas chromatography mass spectrometry（GC-MS） by programmed solid-phase extraction（SPE） system. Methods The water samples were concentrated by an activated hydrophilic-lipophilic balance（HLB） column in automatic SPE system，eluted with 10 mL CH₂Cl₂-CH₃COOCH₂CH₃（v/v=1:1）. After N₂ blowing，then were tested by GC-MS，and quantified with internal standard. Results By reforming parameters such as the type of SPE column，the velocity of sample injection，the kind of rinsing solution，the elution current velocity and volume，and the temperature program of the chromatographic column. The 14 kinds of trace pesticide residues had good linearity in the range of 5-1 000 μg/L，and the correlation coefficients >0.999 0. The limits of detection（LODs） were 0.000 6-0.002 0 μg/L and limits of quantitation（LOQs） were 0.002 0-0.006 7 μg/L. The mean recoveries were 82.62%-108.34% and relative standard deviations（RSDs） were 0.40%-3.47%. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment and high automaticity，and is sensitive，accurate and applicable to simultaneous determination of the 14 kinds of trace pesticide residues in drinking water in grass-roots laboratories.

Objective To understand the impact of heat wave-ozone successive compound events on mortality risk and disease burden among residents in Chengdu. Methods This study adopted a two-stage research framework consisting of a modeling period and an extrapolation period. An exposure-response relationship model was constructed by using daily meteorological data，ozone concentration data and mortality data（including all-cause mortality，cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality and respiratory mortality） in 2010-2016. Assuming population susceptibility remained stable，the model was extrapolated to the period 2017-2023 to evaluate the changing trend of mortality burden attributable to long-term successive compound events. Extreme events and successive compound events were defined based on percentiles of temperature under the historical climate state（T1，T2，T3） and the daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration（O1，O2）. The distributed lag non-linear model（DLNM） and generalized linear model（GLM） were employed to analyze the mortality risk and synergistic effects，and to estimate the number of attributable deaths. Results The mortality risk of compound events was significantly higher than that of single events，and a synergistic effect was observed（RERI>0），with the most prominent synergistic effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality. Extrapolation results showed that the number of days with compound events in Chengdu increased significantly from 2010 to 2023，reaching 29 days in 2022. The estimated number of attributable deaths from compound events in 2017-2023（2 770） increased by approximately 5.35-fold compared with that in 2010-2016（436），indicating a sharp increase in health burden. Conclusion Successive compound exposure to heatwaves and ozone in Chengdu may produce a significant synergistic amplification effect，with health hazards markedly greater than exposure to either single factor alone. Both the frequency of compound events and the associated mortality burden exhibited a rapid growth trend from 2010 to 2023.

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of atrazine and acetochlor in water by using large-volume injection with programmed temperature vaporization（PTV） coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Methods The water samples were extracted with n-hexane，followed by 30 μL large-volume injection. PTV technology was used to achieve pre-column separation based on the boiling point difference between the extraction solvent and the target analytes. The quantitative analysis was performed by using the selected ion monitoring mode of GC-MS. Results Atrazine and acetochlor showed good linear relationships in the concentration range of 1-50 μg/L，with correlation coefficients（r²） of 0.999 48 and 0.999 94，respectively. The instrument detection limits were 0.05 and 0.10 μg/L，and the method quantification limits were 0.015 and 0.030 μg/L. The spiked recoveries ranged 89.2%-101.1% and 90.8%-94.4%，respectively，and the relative standard deviations were between 2.1% and 6.8%，between 3.3% and 7.2%，respectively. Conclusion This method is rapid，accurate，efficient and sensitive，and it can meet the daily monitoring needs of atrazine and acetochlor in drinking water，and is also suitable for emergency early warning analysis of sudden contamination incidents.

Objective To understand the microbial contamination of drinking water in rural area of Gaoping District，Nanchong City from 2021 to 2025，and provide the scientific data for drinking water management decision-making. Methods In accordance with the “Nanchong Urban and Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Work Plan”，water quality hygienic monitoring was conducted at monitoring sites during both the wet and dry seasons. The monitoring scope covered rural domestic drinking water，with sample types including finished water and terminal water. The water sources included groundwater and surface water，and the testing items comprised total bacterial count，total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms/E. coli. The tests were evaluated according to the “Hygiene Standards for Drinking Water Testing Methods”（GB/T 5750-2006，GB/T 5750-2023） and the “Hygiene Standards for Drinking Water”（GB 5749-2006，GB 5749-2022）. Results From 2021 to 2025，a total of 494 water samples were collected，with 404 meeting the standards，with a compliance rate of 81.78%. The compliance rates were 64.00%，81.00%，75.00%，76.25% and 96.55% respectively during 2021-2025. There were statistically significant differences in the compliance rates of rural drinking water across different years（χ²=49.617，P<0.01）. The compliance rate was 75.45% for dry season，86.86% for wet season；67.89% for finished water，85.71% for terminal water；90.28% for surface water，49.51% for groudwater；44.62% for lack of disinfection， 91.97% for high-purity chlorine dioxide，78.57% for bleaching powder，90.00% for sodium hypochlorite. There were statistically significant differences in compliance rates among the above different types of water samples（P<0.01）. The main risk factors for microbial indicator non-compliance included dry season，lack of disinfection，reliance on groundwater as the water source and sampling of finished water. Conclusion From 2021 to 2025，there will be microbial contamination in rural drinking water in Gaoping District，Nanchong City. It is necessary to strengthen water source supervision and water quality monitoring，improve disinfection measures，and ensure the safety of drinking water for the people.

Objective To know the distribution of macroelements and microelements in crustacean and bivalve seafood from the Binzhou coast of the Bohai Bay and heavy metal exposure risks. Methods 139 samples of local commercial crustaceans and bivalves were collected from Zhanhua District and Wudi County（Bohai Bay coast），Binzhou，Shandong，from June to December 2023. Sodium，magnesium，calcium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES）. Cr，Fe，Cu，Zn，total arsenic（As），Se，Cd，Pb，and Mn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and total mercury（Hg） by a fully automated mercury analyzer. Principal component analysis（PCA） characterized nutrient element patterns，while target hazard quotient（THQ） and total target hazard quotient（TTHQ） assessed heavy metal health risks. Results Among 139 samples of crustaceans and bivalves，the detection rates of 4 macroelements and 5 micronutrients all reached 100%. The K content in crustaceans was significantly higher than that in bivalves，while the contents of Mg and Ca were significantly lower，with significant differences（P<0.05）. Except for Cu，the contents of the other 4 trace elements（Fe，Mn，Zn and Se） showed significant differences between the two types of seafood（P<0.05）. Crustaceans had lower contents of Fe，Mn and Zn，but their Se content was significantly higher than that of bivalves. Principal component analysis further confirmed that the comprehensive score of nutrient elements in bivalves（0.498） was significantly higher than that in crustaceans（0.116）. In terms of contamination，Cd was the main excessive heavy metal，with an overall exceeding rate of 23.7%，and the excessive risk of crustaceans（26.3%） was higher than that of bivalves（9.5%）. Health risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient（HQ） of a single metal was all less than 1，however，the total target hazard quotient of crustaceans at both the average and P₇₅ exposure levels was greater than 1，indicating potential health risks to consumers. Conclusion Bivalves have stronger enrichment capacity for various microelements and may serve as a better source of trace elements for local residents. Although the risk of individual heavy metals is controllable，long-term consumption of crustacean products may lead to potential health risks from comprehensive exposure due to their heavy metal levels，particularly Cd and As. Therefore，it is recommended that residents maintain moderate consumption of crustacean seafood to avoid potential long-term health risks.

Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of airborne pollen concentration and the effect of meteorological conditions in Fuzhou，and to predict the pollen concentration in high-value areas. Methods Using the airborne pollen monitoring data from Fuzhou City for 2023-2024 and matching it with the weather conditions and meteorological elements during the same period，this study applied the methods such as correlation analysis，standardized normalization and meteorological diagnosis to analyze the characteristics of pollen species，sources and concentration changes as well as the effect of meteorological conditions on airborne pollen concentration. Based on these analyses，the study also made predictions regarding pollen concentration. Results The seasonal distribution characteristics of airborne pollen concentration in Fuzhou were evident，with the peak occurring in March to April each year，reached up to 1 856.73 grains/m³. The pollen pollution risk level 59.0% was concentrated in the high to extremely high range，primarily consisting of species from the Moraceae and Pinaceae families which accounted for 86.5% of total pollen. The secondary peak occured in September to October，with the highest daily pollen concentration reached 415.95 grains/m³，and the pollen pollution risk level 50.8% was concentrated in the high range. The main species included Euphorbia（Asteraceae），Moraceae，and Poaceae which accounted for 88.1% of total pollen. From March to May 2024，the daily pollen concentration showed a unimodal pattern，with the highest peak occurred at 14∶00，and daytime concentrations being higher than nighttime. The results of multivariate fitting for high-pollen periods using key meteorological elements indicated that the overall fit for pollen concentration was good，but the peak was relatively low. In March to April，daily maximum temperature，daily average temperature，and sunshine duration are the main factors affecting changes in pollen concentration. From September to October，relative humidity，daily minimum temperature and daily average temperature were the main influencing factors for the pollen concentration. Pre-front warm sector in spring，the subtropical high pressure system and the influence of typhoons in autumn，pollen concentrations tend to be abnormally high under these three weather conditions. The results of multiple fitting of pollen high value period showed that the overall fitting effect was good，but the peak fitting was low. Conclusion This study analyzed the pollen concentration distribution characteristics in Fuzhou City through pollen observation，confirming the feasibility of predicting high-value area pollen concentrations by studying the impact of meteorological conditions on pollen. It provides recommendations for travel and protective measures for people with pollen allergy susceptibility，and lays the foundation for further research on the risk of illness in allergic susceptible populations due to pollen and meteorological conditions.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and long-term trends of hepatitis B virus（HBV） infection in Yuyao City，Zhejiang Province from 2015 to 2024，and construct a model for predicting future incidence，thereby providing the scientific basis for evaluating and optimizing local hepatitis B prevention and control strategies. Methods Using the surveillance data of hepatitis B cases in Yuyao City from 2015 to 2024 recorded in the monitoring and reporting management module of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System，the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of hepatitis B were analyzed. The χ² test was performed by using SPSS 23.0 software. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to calculate the annual percent change（APC） and average annual percent change（AAPC） to assess the trends in incidence rates. An autoregressive integrated moving average（ARIMA） model was established to predict the monthly incidence rate in 2025. Results From 2015 to 2024，a total of 3 406 hepatitis B cases were reported in Yuyao City，with an average annual incidence rate of 29.19/10⁵ population. Chronic hepatitis B constituted the majority of cases（97.50%）. The overall incidence rate showed an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease：a significant upward trend from 2015 to 2019（APC=7.843%，P=0.003），which reversed to a downward trend from 2019 to 2024（APC=-7.638%， P=0.009）. Regarding population distribution，the incidence rate in males（38.21/10⁵） was significantly higher than that in females（19.72/10⁵）（χ²=354.200，P<0.001）. The highest incidence rate was observed in the 30-<45 years age group（43.68/10⁵）. Farmers were the predominant occupational group affected，accounting for 56.64% of cases. Geographically，higher incidence rates were observed in rural townships such as Xiaocao’e，Moushan，Liangnong，Dayin and Huangjiabu. No significant seasonal variation was observed in the temporal distribution. The ARIMA（1，1，1）×（0，0，0）₁₂ model，constructed based on the historical data，demonstrated a good fit and predicted that the monthly hepatitis B incidence rate in 2025 would remain at a relatively low level，ranging from 2.52/10⁵ to 2.99/10⁵ population. Conclusion The hepatitis B incidence in Yuyao City from 2015 to 2024 initially increased and then decreased，and has now stabilized at a low level. Future prevention and control efforts should continue to consolidate the achievements of hepatitis B vaccination programs，target key populations such as males，middle-aged adults and farmers for intervention，and strengthen resource allocation and health management in high-incidence rural areas，with the aim of further reducing the disease burden of hepatitis B.

Objective To analyze the abnormal health indicators and the influencing factors of the occupational population in Hezhou City in 2025，and provide a reference for formulating targeted occupational health management strategies. Methods A statistical analysis was conducted on the health examination data of 21 963 occupational individuals in Hezhou City in 2025，derived from the Subsystem of Occupational Diseases and Occupational Hazard Information under the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information Platform. The analysis covered demographic characteristics，exposure to occupational hazard factors and abnormal conditions of core health indicators. χ² test and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis were conducted by using R 4.4.1 software. The linear trend test was used to analyze the relationship between age and the trend of health abnormalities. Results Among the 21 963 occupational population surveyed in Hezhou City in 2025，the top three occupational hazard factors were noise（38.47%），dust（30.92%） and high temperature（12.33%）. The highest abnormal detection rate of health indicators was overweight or obesity（48.92% in the measured subgroup），and the top three abnormal rates among core indicators were abnormal electrocardiogram（29.00%），bilateral high-frequency hearing threshold abnormality（14.30%） and systolic blood pressure abnormality（14.00%）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male，elderly，working in mining or manufacturing， employment in small or micro enterprises，and exposure to noise，dust and high temperature were the independent risk factors for abnormal electrocardiogram，hearing，blood pressure and lung function（P<0.05）. The groups aged ≥35 years was positively associated with the risk of various physical examination abnormalities. Workers over 55 years had 2.436-3.512 times higher risk of all four physical abnormalities compared with the workers under 25 years（P<0.01）. The factor-specific effects of each exposure were prominent. Noise had a significant impact on bilateral high-frequency hearing threshold abnormality（OR=2.106，95%CI：1.923-2.307），dust on abnormal lung function（OR=1.865，95%CI：1.682-2.069） and advanced age had a significant impact on abnormal electrocardiogram（OR for the ≥55 years old group=3.512，95%CI：2.985-4.136），systolic blood pressure abnormality（OR for the ≥55 years old group=3.215，95%CI：2.892-3.573），bilateral high-frequency hearing threshold abnormality（OR for the ≥55 years old group=2.864，95%CI：2.571-3.190），and abnormal lung function（OR for the ≥55 years old group=2.436，95%CI：2.175-2.726）. Conclusion The occupational hazards faced by the workforce in Hezhou City mainly include noise and dust. Problems such as cardiovascular abnormalities，hearing impairment and overweight/obesity are prominent. Targeted interventions should be implemented for key industries and high-risk groups.

High-altitude hypoxia can trigger a range of gastrointestinal symptoms，including nausea，diarrhea，anorexia and even gastrointestinal bleeding，which severely affect the health and acclimatization ability of individuals rapidly ascending to high altitudes. The core pathological basis lies in hypoxia-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction，characterized by damage to intestinal epithelial cells，disruption of tight junctions，thinning of the mucus layer，leading to intestinal permeability，bacterial translocation and local as well as systemic inflammatory responses. Autophagy，as a highly conserved intracellular homeostatic mechanism，plays a critical role in protecting the intestinal barrier by clearing damaged organelles，regulating inflammatory responses and maintaining immune balance. The present paper summarized the mechanisms of intestinal barrier injury induced by high-altitude hypoxia and systematically elaborated on the multifaceted roles of autophagy in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Through the three dimensions of inflammasome regulation，microbiota remodeling and immunomodulation，autophagy collectively constructs a multidimensional defense system that protects intestinal barrier integrity. Future therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy may provide new theoretical foundations and approaches for the prevention and treatment of high-altitude-related intestinal injury.

Objective To understand the mass concentrations，spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and sources of metallic and metalloid elements in PM_2.5 in Shenzhen City in 2024，and assess their associated health risks. Methods PM_2.5 samples were collected from Nanshan，Longgang and Yantian districts of Shenzhen City from January to December 2024. The mass concentrations of 21 elements were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The enrichment factor method and absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression（APCS-MLR） model were applied to identify major sources. Health risk assessment was conducted by using the model recommended in WS/T 777—2021 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances. Data analysis and visualization were performed by using Excel 2010，R 4.5.2，and Graphpad 10.0. Results The PM_2.5 mass concentration in Shenzhen City ranged from 2 to 82 μg/m³，with an average of 25 μg/m³. The annual mean concentrations of Cd，As，Hg and Pb were all below the limits specified in the Ambient Air Quality Standards. Seasonal variation showed lower concentrations in summer and higher concentrations in autumn and winter across the three districts. The concentration of PM_2.5 was positively correlated with all other elements except V. Cd and Sb in PM_2.5 exhibited moderate enrichment across all three districts of Shenzhen. Se showed moderate enrichment in Longgang and Yantian Districts，while Zn reached a moderate enrichment level in Nanshan and Longgang Districts. The remaining elements were generally characterized by slight enrichment or concentrations close to natural background levels across all districts. The dominant sources in Nanshan，Longgang and Yantian were mixed contributions from coal combustion，industrial emissions and motor vehicles（39.3%，40.4% and 37.9%，respectively）. Health risk assessment indicated that only As posed a carcinogenic risk to adults within the range of 1×10^-6 to 1×10^-4，while other elements were below 1×10^-6. Non-carcinogenic risks for all elements were below 1. Conclusion The average PM_2.5 concentration in Shenzhen City in 2024 was below the secondary standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standards and exhibited an overall V-shaped trend. Both of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of metals and metalloids are higher in adults than in children. As presents a potential carcinogenic risk，whereas other elements poses relatively low risks.