As a new type of environmental pollutant，microplastics enter the organisms through multiple exposure pathways such as dietary intake，respiratory inhalation and skin contact，and have become a key environmental risk factor that threatens the stability of ecosystems and the sustainability of human health. This article focused on the food-borne exposure pathways of microplastics，systematically reviewed their migration and accumulation characteristics in the food chain，and focused on the toxicological effects of single microplastic exposure scenarios，including key scientific issues such as oxidative stress induction，cell damage effects，and physiological function interference. The purpose of this paper is to provide the theoretical support for deepening the risk perception of diet-related microplastic pollution，and to promote the improvement of environmental monitoring system and public health protection awareness.

Objective To understand pollution status of avian influenza virus in the poultry related environment of Ganzhou City during 2020-2024 and provide a reference for human infection risk assessment. Methods Avian influenza virus samples from the poultry-related sites were collected from three monitoring points in Anyuan County，Xingguo County and Ganxian District of Ganzhou City between 2020 and 2024. These samples were tested for pan-influenza A virus by nucleic acid detection. Monitoring sites included urban and rural live poultry markets，poultry slaughtering and processing plants，commercial poultry farms（households），and areas with concentrated backyard poultry flocks. The environmental specimens collected consisted of poultry-related samples obtained during transportation，sale，slaughter，processing and trading. These included poultry feces，water，swab specimens from poultry cage surfaces，swab specimens from slaughtering or meat-displaying boards，knives，and other relevant types. Venous blood samples were collected from occupationally exposed individuals at poultry slaughtering and processing plants，farms and backyard poultry households in Ganxian District. Serum specimens were separated and tested for antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Results 1 798 environmental samples were collected，in which 1 091 were positive for influenza A virus，with positive rate of 60.68%. Among them，the predominant influenza A subtypes detected were H5，H9，and H5+H9 co-infection，with no H7 positivity identified. H9 subtype was positive in 614（34.15%），H5 in 56（3.11%），H5+H9 co-infection in 248（13.79%），and 173 were positive for unsubtypable strains. H9 was the most prevalent subtype in environmental contamination. From 2020 to 2024，the avian influenza A virus positivity rates in environmental samples from poultry-related sites across Ganzhou City were 55.59%，60.56%，63.89%，59.17% and 64.17%，respectively. There was no significant difference in the positive rate between different years（χ²=7.628，P=0.106）. Positive samples were detected in all four quarters，with significantly different quarterly positivity rates（P<0.01）. All five types of environmental samples tested positive for avian influenza virus nucleic acid. The swabs from slaughtering/meat-displaying boards had the highest count（261 positives），followed by cage surface swabs（260 positives），while other types had the highest positive rate（85.57%）. A significant difference in positive rates was observed among sample types（P<0.01）. All three monitored counties/districts yielded positive samples，with significantly different regional positive rates（P<0.01）. The urban/rural live poultry markets showed the highest positive rate（82.28%），while commercial poultry farms had the lowest（2.36%），with significant differences（P<0.01）. 400 serum samples of occupationally exposed population were detected，10 were hemagglutinin antibody positive. Conclusion There is evidence of avian influenza virus contamination in poultry related environments in Ganzhou，with the H9 subtype being the predominant strain. Inapparent infection of avian influenza virus existed in occupational exposure population.Surveillance and management efforts should be strengthened in key areas and at high risk monitoring sites.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infections in Binhai New Area，Tianjin from 2018 to 2024，and establish a risk prediction model to provide a scientific basis for the prevention，control and prediction of norovirus outbreaks in the future. Methods The relevant data on norovirus gastroenteritis cases in Binhai New Area，Tianjin from 2018 to 2024 were collected，an ARIMA model was established to predict the norovirus epidemic trend in 2025. Results From 2018 to 2024，a total of 947 suspected cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in Binhai New Area. Among them，172 cases were confirmed. The predominant genotype was GⅡ（68.75%）. Joinpoint regression analysis indicated that the overall incidence showed an upward trend（Annual Percent Change=18.87%，P<0.01）. The incidence presented a bimodal seasonal distribution，with epidemic peaks in May and from September to November each year（seasonal index>1）. The male-to-female ratio of incidence was 1.35∶1，without significant difference（P>0.05）. The affected population mainly consisted of children，adolescents and the elderly over 60（58.61%）. A positive correlation was found between the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis and the positive detection rate of norovirus in commercially available food（Spearman correlation coefficient =0.350，P<0.05）. The predominant genotype of norovirus in food was GⅡ（59.09%）. A total of 35 outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported，with GⅡ being the dominant genotype（62.86%）. The main source of infection was contagious（77.14%）. The ARIMA model was fitted to predict that the number of norovirus infection cases in 2025 would be basically the same as that in 2024（Ljung-Box Q=22.85，P=0.12）. Conclusion From 2018 to 2024，the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis in Binhai New Area showed an upward trend. Scattered children were the main affected population，and kindergartens and nurseries were the primary outbreak sites. GⅡ was the dominant genotype of norovirus. Conclusion efforts are needed to strengthen monitoring，food supervision and health education to prevent the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks.

Objective To understand the variability of oxidative stress and inflammation induced in lung tissue by exposure to different concentrations of mould aerosols. Methods Based on the level of mould contamination in the building environment，healthy BALB/C mice were exposed to 1 500，15 000 and 150 000 CFU/m³ concentration levels of mould aerosol respectively and 15 000 CFU/m³+vitamin E treatment group were introduced. At the end of the experiment，inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured in each group. Results Compared with the control group，8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine（8-OHdG），tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） levels significantly increased in 1 500 CFU/m³ group（P<0.01），and reactive oxygen species（ROS），malondialdehyde（MDA），8-OHdG，TNF-α，interleukin-4（IL-4） levels significantly increased in 15 000 CFU/m³ group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001，respectively），and glutathione（GSH） level decreased significantly（P<0.05）. ROS，MDA，TNF-α and IL-4 levels significantly increased in the 150 000 CFU/m³ group（P<0.05，P<0.01，P<0.001，respectively）. In 15 000 CFU/m³+vitamin E treatment group，ROS，MDA，and TNF-α levels decreased significantly after vitamin E treatment（P<0.05，P<0.001，respectively），and GSH levels increased significantly（P<0.05）. Conclusion Mould exposure may induce inflammation and oxidative damage in the lungs of mice，however，the responses may vary with different exposure concentrations，with the most significant effects observed at 15 000 CFU/m³. These findings suggest that mould-induced lung damage in asthma is not linearly correlated with exposure concentration.

Objective To know the sleep quality and mental health of offshore oil operation personnel，and to understand the influencing factors and correlations. Methods From March to July 2024，a total of 14 131 offshore oil workers from a state-owned enterprise were chosen as the research subjects through cluster sampling. A self-designed basic information questionnaire，the Pittsburgh sleep quality index（PSQI），the Maslach burnout inventory-general survey（MBI-GS），the symptom checklist-90（SCL-90），the social support rating scale（SSRS），and the psychological capital questionnaire（PCQ） were used for the investigation. A total of 13 716 valid questionnaires were collected，with an effective recovery rate of 97.06%. χ² test was used to analyze the distribution differences of the PSQI total scores among offshore oil workers with different demographic characteristics. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to explore the correlations between various mental health indicators and sleep quality. Multiple linear regression was employed to identify the influencing factors of sleep quality. Results The prevalence of sleep disorders among offshore oil workers was 16.33%. There were significant differences in the distribution of PSQI total scores，MBI-GS，SCL-90，SSRS，and PCQ scores among offshore oil workers of different ages，positions，lengths of service，and days at sea（P<0.05）. The PSQI total score was positively correlated with the MBI-GS and SCL-90 total scores（r values were 0.089 and 0.611，respectively，P<0.01），and negatively correlated with the SSRS and PCQ total scores（r values were-0.438 and-0.266，respectively，P<0.01）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that compared with operation position workers，the PSQI total scores of business position（P<0.01），technical position（P<0.01），and management position（P<0.01） workers were higher. Compared with workers with a service length of <11 years，the PSQI total scores of workers with a service length of 11~<20 years（P<0.05） were higher（β=0.024，P<0.05）. Compared with workers at sea for 180 days per year，the PSQI total scores of workers at sea for 230 days per year（β=-0.037，P<0.01） were lower，and those of workers at sea for 270 days per year（β=0.045，P<0.01） were higher. MBI-GS（β=0.018，P<0.01） and SCL-90（β=0.479，P<0.01） positively affected the PSQI total score，while SSRS（β=-0.212，P<0.01） and PCQ（β=-0.039，P<0.01） negatively affected the PSQI total score. Conclusion Offshore oil workers suffer from varying degrees of sleep disturbances and mental health problems. Sleep quality is associated with both occupational factors—such as job category，length of service and days spent at sea per year—and non-occupational factors，including burnout，somatic and psychological symptoms，social support and psychological capital. Targeted interventions should be developed for this population to improve sleep quality and promote overall physical and mental well-being.

Objective To understand the level and the influencing factors of environmental health literacy among residents in Yangpu District，Shanghai during 2021-2024，and to provide the data for formulating targeted health education policies. Methods The residents in the investigated areas were chosen through multi-stage cluster random sampling. From 2021 to 2024，a household survey was conducted on the level of environmental health literacy of residents，and a total of 1 310 valid questionnaires were collected. The χ² test was used to compare the rate of environmental health literacy among the residents with different characteristics，and logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results From 2021 to 2024，the overall possession rate of residents’ environmental health literacy in Yangpu District was 31.83%. Among them，the possession rates of the three primary classification indicators-environmental health basic concepts，basic knowledge and basic behaviors and skills-were 24.58%，29.92% and 40.38%，respectively. The possession rates of the six secondary classification indicators-basic cognition，basic attitude，basic concepts，scientific knowledge，basic behaviors and basic skills-were 20.00%，55.04%，59.31%，22.98%，56.34% and 37.18%，respectively. The possession situation of residents’ environmental health literacy showed significant differences in four demographic characteristics dimensions：age，occupation，educational level and average monthly family income（P<0.05）. The differences in the secondary classification indicators’ literacy levels among residents of different ages，occupations and educational levels were significant（P<0.05），and the differences in the literacy levels of the three dimensions-basic concepts，scientific knowledge and basic skills-among residents with different average monthly family incomes were also significant（P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that educational level，occupation and average monthly disposable income of the family were the influencing factors of the residents’ environmental health literacy level. Conclusion The environmental health literacy of residents in Yangpu District still has deficiencies in basic concepts，basic knowledge and scientific knowledge. It is necessary to strengthen the environmental health literacy education for the middle and low-income groups，retirees and those with low educational attainment.

Objective To know the contamination levels and health risks of lead（Pb），cadmium（Cd） and chromium（Cr） in commercially available dried beans in Anshun City. Methods In 2024，a total of 360 samples of four types of dried legumes（kidney beans，soybeans，mung beans and white beans） were collected from five types of retail outlets（farmers’ markets，supermarkets，mobile stalls，vegetable markets and dried goods stores）. The heavy metal content in these samples was determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and health risk assessment was conducted by employing the single-factor pollution index（Pi） method. Results All samples were contaminated with at least one heavy metal（overall detection rate：100.00%），with Cr detected in 100.00% of samples，followed by Pb（74.72%） and Cd（67.50%）. The Pb disqualified rate（15.28%） was significantly higher than those of Cd（0.83%） and Cr（3.06%）（P<0.05），making Pb as the dominant risk factor. Varietal analysis revealed that mung beans had the highest Pb disqualified rate（20.51%），while kidney beans showed the highest Cr disqualified rate（5.05%）. Among sales venues，farmers’ markets（23.76%） and mobile stalls（19.18%） exhibited significantly higher Pb disqualified rates than other venues（P<0.05），whereas Cd disqualified rates were only observed in supermarkets（2.56%）. Pollution index grading indicated that 84.72% of samples fell within the safe range for Pb，but mild，moderate and severe pollution risks still require attention. Conclusion Pb is the primary contaminant in dried beans in Anshun City. Targeted supervision for high-risk varieties（e.g.，mung beans） and sales venues（e.g.，farmers’ markets and mobile stalls） is recommended，along with source control and supply chain management to mitigate health risks.

Objective To know the distribution of macroelements and microelements in crustacean and bivalve seafood from the Binzhou coast of the Bohai Bay and heavy metal exposure risks. Methods 139 samples of local commercial crustaceans and bivalves were collected from Zhanhua District and Wudi County（Bohai Bay coast），Binzhou，Shandong，from June to December 2023. Sodium，magnesium，calcium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES）. Cr，Fe，Cu，Zn，total arsenic（As），Se，Cd，Pb，and Mn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and total mercury（Hg） by a fully automated mercury analyzer. Principal component analysis（PCA） characterized nutrient element patterns，while target hazard quotient（THQ） and total target hazard quotient（TTHQ） assessed heavy metal health risks. Results Among 139 samples of crustaceans and bivalves，the detection rates of 4 macroelements and 5 micronutrients all reached 100%. The K content in crustaceans was significantly higher than that in bivalves，while the contents of Mg and Ca were significantly lower，with significant differences（P<0.05）. Except for Cu，the contents of the other 4 trace elements（Fe，Mn，Zn and Se） showed significant differences between the two types of seafood（P<0.05）. Crustaceans had lower contents of Fe，Mn and Zn，but their Se content was significantly higher than that of bivalves. Principal component analysis further confirmed that the comprehensive score of nutrient elements in bivalves（0.498） was significantly higher than that in crustaceans（0.116）. In terms of contamination，Cd was the main excessive heavy metal，with an overall exceeding rate of 23.7%，and the excessive risk of crustaceans（26.3%） was higher than that of bivalves（9.5%）. Health risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient（HQ） of a single metal was all less than 1，however，the total target hazard quotient of crustaceans at both the average and P₇₅ exposure levels was greater than 1，indicating potential health risks to consumers. Conclusion Bivalves have stronger enrichment capacity for various microelements and may serve as a better source of trace elements for local residents. Although the risk of individual heavy metals is controllable，long-term consumption of crustacean products may lead to potential health risks from comprehensive exposure due to their heavy metal levels，particularly Cd and As. Therefore，it is recommended that residents maintain moderate consumption of crustacean seafood to avoid potential long-term health risks.

DNA，as the genetic material of humans，needs to be passed on to the next generation intact. However，endogenous and environmental factors constantly attack DNA causing DNA damage，affecting DNA replication，and mediating tumorigenesis. To cope with this threat，the human body has evolved a DNA damage repair（DDR） system to regulate DNA damage，transmit DNA damage signals and mediate repair，thus preventing a wide range of diseases，such as malignant tumors，caused by DNA mutations，which is of significance in the field of biology. With the continuous mining of DDR system，the mechanism of key proteins involved in DDR pathways，such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase（PARP）1/2，ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein（ATM）/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related（ATR）/DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit（DNA-PKcs），WEE1 G2 checkpoint kinase（WEE1）/checkpoint kinase 1（CHK1） and polymerase epsilon（POLE）/polymerase delta 1（POLD），in DDR has been widely concerned. This paper summarized the role and mechanism of known proteins in DDR signal transmission and DNA repair，strengthened the understanding of DDR pathways，and provided important ideas for finding DDR targets and treating diseases caused by DNA mutations.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and long-term trends of infectious diseases among primary，secondary school students and preschool children in Baodi District，Tianjin City during 2014-2023，and to provide the data for the surveillance and prevention of student-related infectious diseases. Methods The data on infectious diseases among the target population were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System，while school enrollment numbers were sourced from the District Education Bureau. The descriptive epidemiological methods and Joinpoint regression analysis were employed to analyze disease characteristics and incidence trends. The average annual percent change（AAPC） of incidence rate was calculated. Results A total of 8 460 cases of 21 kinds of infectious diseases were reported during 2014-2023，with an annual average incidence rate of 946.78 per 100 000. The top five diseases accounted for 93.11%（7 877/8 460） of cases：influenza（4 034 cases，451.45/100 000），hand，foot and mouth disease（HFMD，1 652 cases，184.88/100 000），other infectious diarrhea（945 cases，105.76/100 000），varicella（933 cases，104.41/100 000），and COVID-19（313 cases，35.03/100 000）. Seasonal indices for intestinal infectious diseases exceeded 1 from June to October，while respiratory infectious diseases peaked in March and November-December. The male cases（4 932，1 057.14/100 000） significantly outnumbered the female cases（3 528，826.20/100 000），with an gender ratio of 1.28∶1（P<0.01）. Incidence rates varied significantly across educational stages，peaking in preschool children（1 788.15/100 000） and reaching the lowest in junior high school students（537.79/100 000）（P<0.01）. Joinpoint regression revealed significant upward trends in overall incidence（P<0.01），gender-specific rates（male：AAPC=31.58，t=3.53，P<0.01；female：AAPC=34.58，t=3.84，P<0.01），educational stages（primary school：AAPC=42.17，t=4.39，P<0.01；junior high school： AAPC=39.98，t=3.83，P<0.01；senior high school：AAPC=29.30，t=3.01，P<0.05），and respiratory infections（AAPC=51.23，t=4.50，P<0.01）. Conclusion Infectious diseases are highly prevalent among primary and secondary school students，with an increasing incidence trend. Publicity and education on infectious diseases prevention and control in schools should be strengthened. The relevant departments should enhance the monitoring of infectious diseases，particularly focusing on key disease types，peak seasons and high-risk populations，by establishing targeted surveillance，early warning systems and intervention measures，and this approach will effectively and promptly prevent and control outbreaks of infectious diseases.

N6-methyladenosine（m6A） is a common chemical modification on eukaryotic RNA. The m6A methylation modification can regulate the splicing of RNA precursors，RNA nuclear export，translation process，and affect RNA stability. It not only has a significant influence on the expression of genes within cells but also participates in the regulation of gene expression，thereby exerting a profound influence on the gene expression of various organisms. In addition，autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes for the turnover of intracellular substances，which helps maintain normal cellular metabolism. This article summarized the research progress on the regulation of autophagy by m6A modification during the occurrence and development of fine particulate matter（PM_2.5）-induced lung injury，aiming to provide a reference for future studies on the regulatory mechanism of m6A modification in regulating autophagy levels in PM_2.5-induced lung injury and present a new direction for the exploration of treatment strategies for PM_2.5-induced lung injury.

Objective To establish a method for determining residues of eight kinds of organochlorine pesticides，including hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane（DDT），in soil and sediment by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction（SPME） coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Methods The soil or sediment samples were extracted by using an extraction solvent（hexane∶acetone=1∶1）via ultrasonication. The extracts were then subjected to SPME by using a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber with 50/30 μm thickness. The determination was performed by using electron ionization（EI） in selected ion monitoring（SIM） mode. Results The eight target compounds showed good linear relationships within the range of 0.001 to 0.006 mg/kg，with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995. The spiked recoveries ranged from 83.2% to 105.3%，and the relative standard deviations（RSD） were all below 5.0%. The limits of detection were between 0.002 and 0.006 mg/kg. Conclusion This method is simple，sensitive and applicable to simultaneous determination of HCH，DDT and other 8 organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and sediment.

Objective To understand the protective effect of a dietary supplement on lung injury induced by radon exposure in mice. Methods Male BALB/C mice of 6-8 weeks were used as the experimental subjects. The lung injury models were established by exposing mice to varying doses of radon（30，60 and 120 WLM，respectively）. The 120 WLM dose group was selected for subsequent experiments. The mice were randomly divided into three groups：blank control group，radon-exposed group and dietary supplement group. Concurrently with radon exposure，mice in the dietary supplement group received daily gavage（0.5 mL） of a supplement containing edible alcohol，propolis，vitamins，selenium and other components. On the day following the final radon exposure，the mice were sacrificed，and the lung tissues were harvested，sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin（HE） for microscopic examination of morphological changes. The activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA） in lung tissue were measured. Results Compared to the blank control group，both the 120 WLM radon-exposed group and the dietary supplement group exhibited pathological alterations in the lung tissue，including thickened alveolar walls，widened alveolar septa，damaged alveolar epithelial cells and inflammatory cell infiltration. However，compared to the radon-exposed group alone，the dietary supplement group showed less pronounced thickening of alveolar walls，damage to alveolar epithelial cells，and inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with radon-exposed group，SOD activity was increased，and MDA content was decreased in the lung tissue of the dietary supplement group，without significant difference（P>0.05）. Conclusion The dietary supplement may mitigate radon-induced oxidative stress damage in the lung and enhance antioxidant capacity，demonstrating a protective effect on lung injury. The present study will provide a scientific basis for developing protective strategies for populations exposed to radon.

Objective To evaluate the occupational hazard exposure levels in key industries in Anyang City by monitoring occupational hazard factors in workplaces. Methods The data from the occupational hazard monitoring program in employers’ workplaces in Anyang City from 2021 to 2023 were collected and analyzed，including occupational health training，occupational health examination，occupational health management，and monitoring of occupational hazard factors. Results Among the 672 surveyed employers，the majority were in the manufacturing industry（644，95.83%） and small- or medium-sized enterprises（573，85.27%）. A total of 80 482 workers were exposed to occupational hazards，with the highest proportions in the manufacturing industry（68 360，84.94%） and large enterprises（51 813，64.38%）. A total of 331 employers had exceeded the standard for occupational hazard factor detection，with a exceedance rate of 49.26%. The disqualified rates in the workplace for dust，chemical toxicants and noise were 16.81%，7.48% and 21.39% respectively，while the disqualified rates in the job positions were 20.78%，9.35% and 13.38% respectively. And there were significant differences in the disqualified rates in workplaces and job positions for dust and noise across different years（all P<0.01）. Specifically，the disqualified rates for dust in both workplaces and job positions showed an increasing trend year by year（all P<0.01）. The disqualified rate in the workplaces for noise increased annually（χ²_trend=74.328，P<0.01），while it in the job position decreased significantly（χ²_trend=27.559，P<0.01）. The abnormal health examination rates for workers exposed to noise，chemical toxicants and dust were 4.78%，13.42% and 9.85% respectively，with significant annual variations（all P<0.05）. The training rates for primary responsible persons，exposed workers and occupational health management personnel were 86.31%，94.81% and 85.42% respectively. Significant differences were observed in the training rates for primary responsible persons and exposed workers across years（all P<0.05），showing an upward trend（all P<0.05）. The implementation rates of noise，chemical and dust control facilities in workplaces were 88.99%，46.94% and 97.72% respectively. The distribution rates of noise-proof earplugs or earmuffs，anti-toxic masks or respirators and dust-proof masks were 84.23%，46.36% and 98.48%，with wearing rates of 95.41%，96.86% and 98.46% respectively. Conclusion The prevention and control of occupational hazards in Anyang City still need to be improved，especially in the supervision of the manufacturing industry and small- or medium-sized enterprises，the management of key occupational hazard factors such as noise and dust，occupational health training and management，and the use of protective facilities and personal protective equipment，in order to effectively reduce the occupational disease risks and ensure the health of workers.

Objective To understand the disease burden and its trends of lower respiratory infections（LRIs）attributable to particulate matter （PM） among children aged 0-14 in China during 1990-2021. Methods Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021（GBD 2021），this study assessed the disease burden by using metrics including mortality rates，disability-adjusted life years（DALYs），years lived with disability（YLDs），years of life lost（YLLs） and the average annual percentage change（AAPC）. The trends of PM-attributable LRI disease burden among Chinese children aged 0-14 from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed. The Bayesian age-period-cohort（BAPC） model was employed to forecast the future disease burden. Results In 2021，the overall mortality rate，YLLs rate，DALYs rate and YLDs rate of PM-attributable LRIs among children aged 0-14 in China were 1.29 per 100 000，114.16 per 100 000，115.15 per 100 000，and 0.99 per 100 000，respectively. Compared with 1990，these rates decreased by 97.13%，97.14%，97.12% and 79.71%，respectively. From 1990 to 2021，the overall mortality rate，YLLs rate，DALYs rate and YLDs rate for PM-attributable LRIs in this population showed a declining trend，with AAPC of -11.06%（95%CI：-11.88% to -10.23%），-5.08%（95%CI：-5.18% to -4.98%），-11.05%（95%CI： -11.87% to -10.23%），and -5.08%（95%CI：-5.30% to -4.86%），respectively（P<0.001）. The disease burden was higher in boys than in girls，while the magnitude of decrease was greater in girls. Children under 1 bored the heaviest disease burden，while those aged 2-4 experienced the largest decline. BAPC prediction results indicated that by 2035，the age-standardized mortality rate，YLLs rate，DALYs rate and YLDs rate for PM-attributable LRIs among children aged 0-14 in China are projected to be 0.09 per 100 000，7.76 per 100 000，7.53 per 100 000 and 0.11 per 100 000，respectively. These represent decreases of 92.24%，92.41%，92.66% and 86.91% compared to 2022. Conclusion The disease burden of PM-attributable LRIs among children aged 0-14 in China showed a significant decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021 and is projected to continue declining from 2022 to 2035. Boys and children aged ≤1 year represent key populations for this disease burden，warranting targeted interventions and effective measures.

Objective To understand the impact of rainfall amount and acidification degree on the leaching of heavy metals in soils with high background concentrations，and provide a basis for the management of soil acidification and the remediation of high heavy metal background soils. Methods From July to September 2022，heavy metal high-background soil from a pomelo orchard in Pinghe County，Fujian Province，was selected as the research object. After being naturally air-dried and passed through a 10-mesh sieve，the soil was submerged in deionized water. By adding 50 g/L H₂SO₄ or 20 g/L KOH，soils with different acidification levels at pH values of 4.0，4.2，4.4，4.6，4.8 and 5.0 were prepared. Leaching experiments were conducted by simulating light rain（10 mm·d^-1·time^-1） and heavy rain（100 mm·d^-1·time^-1）. By constructing 0-40 cm soil columns，the effects of different rainfall patterns and acidification levels on heavy metal leaching in soil were explored. Results Under simulated light rain conditions（10 mm·d^-1·time^-1），the soil fully absorbed the water without leachate seepage. However，during simulated heavy rain（100 mm·d^-1·time^-1），leachate containing heavy metal ions such as Tl⁺，Cd²⁺，and Pb²⁺ could be collected within 120 s，and the ion concentrations increased as leaching progresses through the soil layers. During heavy rainfall，the concentrations of heavy metal ions in the leachate from the 0-40 cm soil layer were 2.56 to 7.59 times those from the 0-10 cm soil layer. The lower the soil pH，the greater the leaching of Tl⁺，Cd²⁺，and Pb²⁺. Specifically，the elution rates of Tl⁺，Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in soil with a pH of 4.0 were 5.85，4.69 and 2.17 times higher，respectively，than those in soil with a pH of 5.0. Conclusion Storm rainfall-induced leaching poses a potential pollution risk. The degree of soil acidification also significantly affects the concentrations of Tl⁺，Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. The lower the soil pH，the easier it is for heavy metals to be leached out. It is recommended that maintaining a soil pH above 5.0 can effectively mitigate the risk of heavy metal contamination in soil leachate.

Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of airborne pollen concentration and the effect of meteorological conditions in Fuzhou，and to predict the pollen concentration in high-value areas. Methods Using the airborne pollen monitoring data from Fuzhou City for 2023-2024 and matching it with the weather conditions and meteorological elements during the same period，this study applied the methods such as correlation analysis，standardized normalization and meteorological diagnosis to analyze the characteristics of pollen species，sources and concentration changes as well as the effect of meteorological conditions on airborne pollen concentration. Based on these analyses，the study also made predictions regarding pollen concentration. Results The seasonal distribution characteristics of airborne pollen concentration in Fuzhou were evident，with the peak occurring in March to April each year，reached up to 1 856.73 grains/m³. The pollen pollution risk level 59.0% was concentrated in the high to extremely high range，primarily consisting of species from the Moraceae and Pinaceae families which accounted for 86.5% of total pollen. The secondary peak occured in September to October，with the highest daily pollen concentration reached 415.95 grains/m³，and the pollen pollution risk level 50.8% was concentrated in the high range. The main species included Euphorbia（Asteraceae），Moraceae，and Poaceae which accounted for 88.1% of total pollen. From March to May 2024，the daily pollen concentration showed a unimodal pattern，with the highest peak occurred at 14∶00，and daytime concentrations being higher than nighttime. The results of multivariate fitting for high-pollen periods using key meteorological elements indicated that the overall fit for pollen concentration was good，but the peak was relatively low. In March to April，daily maximum temperature，daily average temperature，and sunshine duration are the main factors affecting changes in pollen concentration. From September to October，relative humidity，daily minimum temperature and daily average temperature were the main influencing factors for the pollen concentration. Pre-front warm sector in spring，the subtropical high pressure system and the influence of typhoons in autumn，pollen concentrations tend to be abnormally high under these three weather conditions. The results of multiple fitting of pollen high value period showed that the overall fitting effect was good，but the peak fitting was low. Conclusion This study analyzed the pollen concentration distribution characteristics in Fuzhou City through pollen observation，confirming the feasibility of predicting high-value area pollen concentrations by studying the impact of meteorological conditions on pollen. It provides recommendations for travel and protective measures for people with pollen allergy susceptibility，and lays the foundation for further research on the risk of illness in allergic susceptible populations due to pollen and meteorological conditions.

Objective To understand the correlation between platelet aggregation rate in the basal state and microcirculatory resistance in non-stenotic coronary arteries in patients with coronary artery disease with ejection fraction ≤35%. Methods The clinical data of 105 patients with coronary heart disease（EF≤35%） admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to May 2025 were collected. There were 61 male patients and 44 female patients，with an average age of 62.19±9.82 years. According to the mean value of non-stenotic coronary artery microcirculation resistance（IMR=36.1），IMR<36.1 was classified as the low IMR group（n=50），and IMR>36.1 as the high IMR group（n=55）. 45 healthy individuals during the same period were chosen as the control group. The local weighted regression scatter smoothing method（LOWESS） was used to analyze the two-dimensional curve relationship of continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of non-stenotic coronary IMR in patients with coronary heart disease. The weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting were further used to explore the nonlinear relationship between platelet aggregation rate and vascular endothelial function indicators [nitric oxide（NO），endothelin-1（ET-1），thromboxane B₂（TXB₂）]. The influence of platelet aggregation rate and vascular endothelial function indicators on non-stenotic coronary artery IMR in patients with coronary heart disease was analyzed. The Hayes Process analysis program was used to analyze the mediating mechanism of vascular endothelial function indicators between platelet aggregation rate and non-stenotic coronary artery IMR in patients with coronary heart disease. Results Gender，age，diabetes，hypertension，hyperlipidemia and blood pressure differed significantly among control，low IMR and high IMR groups（P<0.05）. There were significant differences in platelet aggregation rate，IMR and vascular endothelial function indicators [nitric oxide（NO），endothelin-1（ET-1），thromboxane B₂（TXB₂）] among the control group，low IMR group and high IMR group（all P<0.001），and with the increase of IMR，platelet aggregation rate and ET-1，TXB₂ levels increased，while NO levels decreased. LOWESS analysis showed that there was a certain nonlinear relationship between vascular endothelial function indicators and platelet aggregation rate，and platelet aggregation rate was positively correlated with ET-1 and TXB₂（P<0.05），and negatively correlated with NO（P<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender，age，diabetes，hypertension，hyperlipidemia，systolic blood pressure，diastolic blood pressure，platelet aggregation rate，NO，ET-1，TXB₂ were the risk factors for non-stenotic coronary IMR in patients with coronary heart disease（P<0.05）. There was a U-shaped relationship between platelet aggregation rate and IMR of non-stenotic coronary arteries，with the inflection point at 52.50%. With the increase of platelet aggregation rate and vascular endothelial function indicators levels，IMR values significantly increased（P<0.05）. The main effects of vascular endothelial function indicators（NO，ET-1，and TXB₂），the main effect of platelet aggregation rate，and their interaction effect were all statistically significant（P<0.05）. The mediating effect showed that vascular endothelial function indicators had a significant mediating regulatory effect between platelet aggregation rate and non-stenotic coronary artery IMR in patients with coronary heart disease（P<0.05）. Conclusion In the basal state，platelet aggregation rate is correlated with non-stenotic coronary artery IMR in patients with EF≤35% of coronary heart disease，and platelet aggregation rate is a risk factor for non-stenotic coronary IMR. At the same time，vascular endothelial function indicators have a significant mediating regulatory effect in the relationship between them.

Objective To understand the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（rTMS） on swallowing function and resting insular functional network in the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia（PSD）. Methods 106 PSD patients admitted to Jiaxing Second Hospital from January 2023 to March 2024 were chosen as the study subjects and randomly divided into a control group treated with electrical stimulation（n=53） and an observation group treated with rTMS（n=53）. Compare the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF），neuron-specific enolase（NSE），and brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） and changes in swallowing function between two groups after 2 weeks of treatment using the clinical dysphagia scale（CDS），dysphagia outcome and severity scale（DOSS），and standardized swallowing assessment（SSA）. Functional magnetic resonance imaging（fMRI） technology was used to analyze the changes in functional connectivity（FC） in the resting state of the insula before and after treatment in two groups of patients. Results After treatment，the CDS and SSA scores of both groups of patients decreased significantly，while the DOSS score increased significantly，with significant differences（P<0.01）. Compared with the control group，the observation group showed better improvement in swallowing function，with statistically significant differences（P<0.01）. After treatment，the levels of BDNF and VEGF in both groups of patients increased significantly，while NSE decreased significantly，with significant differences（P<0.01）. Compared with the control group，the observation group showed better improvement in BDNF，NSE and VEGF levels（P<0.01）. After treatment，the bilateral insula，frontal lobe and central posterior gyrus FC of the control group patients were enhanced. After treatment，the observation group showed enhanced FC in both insula，frontal lobe，middle cingulate gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus. Conclusion rTMS can significantly improve the swallowing function of PSD patients，and its mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of resting FC in the insula，frontal lobe and anterior cingulate gyrus of PSD patients by rTMS.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics，diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C cases in Hexi District，Tianjin，from 2014 to 2024，and to provide scientific data for the development of related prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of hepatitis C cases in Hexi District were collected through China Information System For Disease Control and Prevention and case follow-up，and the epidemiological characteristics and diagnosis and treatment trends were described. SPSS 19.0 and Joinpoint 4.3.1.0 were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 787 cases of hepatitis C were reported in Hexi District from 2014-2024，with 405 males and 382 females，and the male-to-female ratio was 1.06∶1，with an overall increasing trend in the reported incidence rate（APC was 18.81，P<0.05）. The onset of the disease was not clearly seasonal. There were no reported cases aged under 20，and the composition ratio of the age group of 40-59 years declined year by year，from 45.83% in 2014 to 24.76% in 2024，while the proportion of the age group of ≥60 years increased year by year，from 41.67% in 2014 to 58.10% in 2024. Occupational distribution was dominated by retired persons and domestic and non-engaged workers. The top three in terms of regional distribution were Tianta Street，Donghai Street and Youyi Road Street. 736 of the reported cases in 2014-2024 had been tested for HCV RNA，accounting for 93.53% of the total number of reported cases，and the proportion of HCV RNA testing was increasing year by year，611 cases（77.64%） were treated with antiviral therapy，and the annual treatment ratio was stabilized at more than 80% after 2020. Conclusion The incidence of hepatitis C in Hexi District is increasing year by year. It is necessary to strengthen screening and treatment for high-risk groups（male，≥40 years old，retirees） and key areas， and the implement actions to eliminate public health hazards of hepatitis C.

Objective To develop a more efficient and accurate identification method for Legionella pneumophila in central air-conditioning ventilation systems that overcomes the limitations of the traditional national standard method. Methods From April to November 2024，the cooling water and condensate water samples from central air-conditioning ventilation systems in Shenzhen City were collected and the detection employed both the national standard method（GB/T 18204.5-2013） and a full-length 16S rDNA alignment method. Results A total of 43 batches of samples were collected in Shenzhen City，among which 14 batches exhibited bacterial colony growth. The final identification results of the 16S rDNA alignment method and the national standard method were consistent for 13 batches. More importantly，the identification time for the 16S rDNA alignment method was 6 days，shorter than that of the national standard method（8 days for negative samples and 9-11 days for positive samples）. Furthermore，the 16S rDNA alignment method identified a total of 575 bacterial strains，comprising Legionella pneumophila strains and non-Legionella pneumophila strains. These strains spanned 48 genera and 81 species，and 6 putative novel species were discovered. Conclusion Comparing to the national standard method，the full-length 16S rDNA alignment method may simplify the operational process，shorten the detection cycle and reduce human labor and resource requirements，and it may minimize errors from manual operations，improve detection accuracy and the positive detection rate. Additionally，it may provide species and genus identification for non-Legionella pneumophila organisms and can identify potential novel species，demonstrating considerable application value in practical detection work.

Objective Based on the data from a district in Guangzhou，this study aimed to explore the effects of atmospheric pollutant nitrogen dioxide（NO₂） on residents’ daily total mortality and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality. Methods Daily data on atmospheric pollutants，meteorological conditions，total daily mortality and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in a district of Guangzhou from January 1，2021 to May 1，2024 were collected. Generalized additive models（GAM） were used for time-series analysis to investigate the single-day lag and cumulative average lag effects of daily average NO₂ concentration on total daily mortality and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age，gender and season. Results The daily average concentration of atmospheric pollutant NO₂ in the district was 34.93 μg/m³. NO₂ had significant effects on all-cause mortality at single-day lag 1（lag1） and cumulative lags 1 and 2 days（lag01，lag02）（all P<0.05）. Under lag02 condition，for every 10 μg/m³ increase in NO₂ concentration，the total number of resident deaths increased by 2.63%（95%CI：0.03%-5.31%）. Among the population aged over 65，the excess deaths of total mortality and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality increased by 3.27%（95%CI：0.10%-6.55%） and 4.57%（95%CI：0.10%-9.23%），respectively. At lag1，the excess total deaths were 3.54%（95%CI：1.06%-6.08%） in the male population and 3.34%（95%CI：0.41%-6.36%） in the general population during the cold season（April 1 to October 30）. Conclusion Atmospheric pollutant NO₂ may increase the risk of resident mortality with a lag effect in the investigated area.

Objective To investigate the application of a combined quality management circle（PDCA）pain management model in the operating room for the elderly patients with hip surgery. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 155 elderly patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty at Zhuji Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 as the research subjects，and they were divided into control group and observation group according to different treatment methods and management modes adopted by the patients，of which 81 patients in the control group took routine operating room nursing mode in the whole year of 2020. The observation group consisted of 74 patients who took the pain nursing mode based on the quality control circle operating room in 2021. The nursing quality score，operation related situation，bone mineral density value complications and compliance rate were compared between the two groups. Results The nursing quality scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）. The intraoperative blood loss in the observation group was slightly lower than that in the control group（P>0.05），and the operation time in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group（P<0.05）. The stress response of the two groups was significantly increased 30 min before anesthesia induction，but the increase of the observation group was significantly lower，and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. After treatment，BMD levels of femoral greater trochanter and femoral neck in observation group were significantly better compared with the control group（P<0.05）. The total incidence of complications in the observation group was 2.70%（2/74），including restfulness in the wake period in 1 case，nausea and vomiting in 1 case，which was significantly lower than that in the control group [14.82%（12/81）]（P<0.05），including hypothermia in 3 cases，chills in 2 cases，restfulness in the wake period in 5 cases，nausea and vomiting in 2 cases. The compliance rate of observation group（97.30%） was significantly higher than that of control group（86.42%）（P<0.05）. Conclusion The operating room management mode based on the concept of parecoxib sodium combined with quality control circle can be applied to the operating room nursing of elderly patients with artificial hip replacement，which can continuously improve the quality of nursing，shorten the operation time，enhance the level of bone mineral density and increase the compliance rate.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of eight short-chain and ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids（PFAAs） in human urine by using solid-phase extraction（SPE） and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The urine samples were acidified with 2% formic acid，and purified by using WAX and ENVI-Carb SPE cartridges，and separated by UHPLC with gradient elution. The quantitative analysis of target compounds was quantified in negative electrospray ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring（MRM）. Results This method demonstrated a good linearity in the range of 0.1-50.0 μg/L，with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.998 1 to 0.999 7. The limits of detection ranged from 0.003 to 1.500 μg/L，and the limits of quantification were 0.010-4.500 μg/L. The precision（expressed as relative standard deviation） was 3.5%-8.5%，with recoveries of 71.2%-123.0%. Conclusion This method is accurate，reliable and is applicable to the determination of short-chain and ultra-short-chain PFAAs in human urine.

Objective To understand the characteristics of endotoxin in PM_2.5 collected in the indoor air in a residential house and a college office. Methods The PM_2.5 samples were collected at the indoor of a residential house and a college office in Suzhou between the 10th and 16th of each month from January to December 2019，and the concentrations of endotoxin in PM_2.5 were measured. Results The concentrations of endotoxin in the indoor PM_2.5 collected from residential house and college office were 11.217 4 EU/mg and 24.105 7 EU/mg respectively，the endotoxin concentrations in the indoor PM_2.5 of college office were significantly higher compared with residential house（P<0.01）. The highest levels of endotoxin content in PM_2.5 of residential house and college office presented in summer and autumn respectively. Conclusion Endotoxin were detected in indoor PM_2.5 collected from residential house and a college office，further evaluation of its potential health risk should be concerned.

Objective To understand the correlation between air pollutant concentration and acute tonsillitis（AT） in children in Wenzhou area，and the effect of air quality on this disease in this area. Methods The clinical data of children diagnosed with AT in outpatient and emergency departments of hospitals in Wenzhou area were collected from January 2024 to December 2024，and the air pollutant concentration and the air quality index（AQI） in Wenzhou area were also collected in the same time. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between each pollutant and the number of AT patients. Results A total of 1 024 children with AT were included in 2024. The distribution of the number of patients in different months showed that the number of AT patients showed an upward trend from August 2024 to December 2024，and peaked in December. The distribution of the number of patients in different age groups suggested the number of patients aged 0-4 years was increased with age，and the number of patients aged 5-14 years was decreased with age. AQI revealed that the air quality in Wenzhou area was polluted to varying degrees，with the worst air quality in winter and good air quality in summer. Spearman correlation indicated that PM_2.5，PM₁₀，SO₂，NO₂，CO and AQI were positively correlated with the number of AT patients（r_s=0.226，0.193，0.238，0.148，0.130 and 0.190 respectively，all P<0.05），and O₃ was negatively correlated with the number of AT patients（r_s=-0.167，P<0.05），and the largest correlation coefficient was SO₂. Taking the number of patients as the dependent variable，linear regression model was used to analyze the effects of season，temperature difference，humidity，wind speed and air pollution index on the number of AT patients，and it was found that PM_2.5（P=0.030），SO₂（P=0.043） and temperature difference（P<0.001） had significant effects on the number of AT patients. Conclusion The number of AT patients in Wenzhou is correlated with PM_2.5，SO₂ and temperature difference，and more attention should be paid to the effects of air pollutants and meteorological factors on acute tonsillitis.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 22 kinds of TVOCs in the air by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry（TD-GC-HRMS）. Methods In March 2025，the air samples were collected from 40 points in the living rooms and bedrooms of 20 residential houses by using Tenax tubes. The thermal desorption conditions，gas chromatography separation conditions and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS） in Scan mode（resolution 60 000） were set. After preparing the standard adsorption tubes to make the standard curve，the collected samples were analyzed. The results were evaluated according to the “Indoor Air Quality Standard”（GB/T 18883-2022）. Results With a sampling volume of 22.5 L，the 22 target compounds showed good linear relationships in the range of 0.11 to 17.8 μg/m³，with correlation coefficients all above 0.998. The limits of quantification were between 0.02 and 0.25 μg/m³. The recovery rates of the 22 compounds were 60.0% to 132.0%，and the RSDs were 2.6% to 23.7%. The recovery rates and precisions were good. The TVOC contents in the living rooms and bedrooms of 20 residential houses in Suzhou City were 11.70 to 107.40 μg/m³ and 19.90 to 126.80 μg/m³，respectively，and no significant difference was seen between the two sites（P>0.05）. Conclusion This detection method is highly accurate and convenient to operate，and is applicable to the quantitative determination of TVOCs in indoor air. HRMS is more conducive to the qualitative analysis of TVOCs.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in Nankai District，Tianjin from 2020 to 2024，and to provide the evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods The foodborne disease data reported by sentinel hospitals were collected to analyze the results of time，population，suspected food and sources，as well as etiological test results by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 6 301 cases were reported over the past 5 years，showed an upward trend（peaking in 2023 with 1 598 cases）. The high incidence period was concentrated from May to November，while the low incidence period was from January to February，exhibiting a bimodal distribution with peaks in July（13.51%） and November（12.20%）. The incidence rate among females（53.93%） was slightly higher than that among males. The group aged 65-74 had the highest number of cases（1 564 cases，24.82%），with people aged 55 and above accounting for 55.75%. There was a significant difference in gender incidence rates among different age groups（P<0.01）. The main occupational group affected was retired personnel，with a total of 2 743 cases（43.53% of the total），followed by key focus groups such as students，with a total of 405 cases（6.43% of the total）. In terms of the places where the illness occurred，home-made food（58.59%） was the main source，followed by commercial food，accounting for 40.81%. Suspected foods mainly came from grains and their products（1 149 cases，18.22%），mixed foods（1 007 cases，15.97%），and meat and meat products（943 cases，14.96%）. The pathogenic microorganisms were mainly Salmonella（46.34%） and Norovirus（34.15%）. Conclusion The surveillance data from 2020 to 2024 indicate that foodborne disease incidence in Nankai District，Tianjin showed a sustained upward trend with distinct seasonal characteristics，forming two incidence peaks in summer and early winter. Elder populations and homemade food were identified as the major risk factors.

Objective To understand the effect on disinfection of hotels in Qinghai Province，and to provide the references for improving the quality of disinfection work. Methods The disinfection quality surveillance data of 34 hotels was retrospectively analyzed in seven cities and prefectures，including Xining City，Haidong City，Haixi Prefecture，Haibei Prefecture，Yushu Prefecture，Hainan Prefecture and Huangnan Prefecture in Qinghai Province during 2022-2024. The qualified rate was calculated based on the total number of bacterial colonies to evaluate the quality of disinfection. The questionnaires were used to conduct on-site surveys of disinfection capabilities. The chi-square test was performed by using R4.3.1. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of disinfection qualified rate. Results During 2022-2024，2 273 object surface samples were collected and tested from 34 hotels，1 578 test results were qualified，the qualified rate was 69.42%，and the rest&living environment qualified rate was 63.53% and the public area environment qualified rate was 75.44%，the tableware and kitchen environment qualified rate was 73.47%. The object surface disinfection qualified rate of environment in different priority region showed significant differences（χ²=36.17，P<0.05）. The disinfection qualified rate for hotels and guesthouses of three-star and below was 61.60%，while that for hotels and guesthouses of four-star and above was 78.98%. The qualified rate of public facilities in different star hotels showed significant difference（χ²=79.27，P<0.05）. The disinfection qualified rate during the peak season was 65.80%，while during the off-season it was 73.75%. The microbial qualified rate of public facilities in hotels in different touring seasons showed significant difference（χ²=16.38，P<0.05）. There was no significant differences in effectiveness of different disinfection methods（χ²=1.99，P>0.05）. The multivariate analysis showed that the training，induction type water outlet，four-star and above hotels and the tourist off-season had better disinfection of object surfaces qualified conditions. The qualified rate of public supplies and equipment in hotels from 2022 to 2024 showed a downward trend（χ²_trend=30.48，P<0.05）. Conclusion The disinfection quality and ability of hotels in seven cities and prefectures of Qinghai Province need further improvement. More attention should be paid to the disinfection skills of hotel management and service personnel to enhance hygiene quality and safeguard public health.

Objective To understand the characteristics and trends of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality among residents in Yuyao City from 2015 to 2024，and to provide the scientific data for developing appropriate prevention and control measures and carrying out targeted intervention work. Methods The data of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease death cases in Yuyao City from 2015 to 2024 were collected，the descriptive epidemiological methods was used to calculate composition ratio，crude mortality rate（CMR），standardized mortality rate（SMR），premature death probability，potential years of life loss（PYLL），average years of life loss（AYLL），potential years of life loss rate（PYLLR） and other indicators，and fitted linear regression was used to calculate the average annual percentage change（AAPC） to analyze the trend of mortality. The impact of population aging and non demographic factors on the difference in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality during 2015-2024 in Yuyao City was calculated by using the mortality differential decomposition method. Results From 2015 to 2024，Yuyao City reported 17 131 deaths from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases，the CMR increased from 142.60/100 000 to 231.00/100 000（P<0.01）. The SMR were 77.00/100 000 to 104.54/100 000，with no significant trend of change（P=0.691）. The CMR and SMR of males were higher than those of females（P<0.001，P<0.01）. The top three causes of death were cerebrovascular disease（50.15%），hypertension（29.87%） and ischemic heart disease（13.85%）. The mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases showed an increasing trend with age（P<0.001），and the median age of death in males was younger than that in females（P<0.001）. The mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the central urban streets of Yuyao was relatively low. The probability of premature death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the entire population ranged from 1.60% to 1.95%，without significant trend change（P=0.385）. The mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the entire population was 6 394.50 person years to 8 573.50 person years for PYLL，11.57 person years to 13.43 person years for AYLL，and 7.97‰ to 10.78‰ for PYLLR. There was no significant trend in PYLLR changes（P=0.161）. Males’ PYLL，AYLL，and PYLLR were all higher than females’. The difference in mortality rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during 2015-2024 in Yuyao City was 63.38% due to the influence of population aging and 36.62% due to changes in non demographic factors. Conclusion The death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases causes significant loss of life expectancy among residents in Yuyao City. Targeted prevention and control work should be carried out targeting males and the elderly，with cerebrovascular disease，hypertension and ischemic heart disease as the main diseases. At the same time，more attention should be paid to the efffect of aging on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease deaths in Yuyao City.

Objective To develop a method for the determination of glucose，sucrose and fructose in human exhaled breath by non-invasive condensation collection coupled with ion chromatography. Methods A self-designed exhaled breath condensation device was constructed，through which human exhaled breath was condensed and collected. The glucose，sucrose and fructose in collected human exhaled breath condensate（EBC） was analyzed by ion chromatography with a pulsed amperometric detection. The standard EBC collection method was established，and the key factors such as cooling temperature and sampling flow rate during condensation collection were investigated. Further more，EBC from healthy people and diabetic patients were collected. Results In healthy volunteers，only glucose was detected in the breath at fasting，with a concentration of 0.11 to 0.36 ng/L. The breath glucose，sucrose and fructose level in healthy volunteers after eating at 1 h，2 h and 4 h were 0.15-0.86，0-1.17 and 0-0.31 ng/L respectively. The concentration of glucose，sucrose and fructose in human exhaled breath of diabetic patients 1 h after a meal were 10-100 times higher than that of healthy subjects. Conclusion This method is non-invasive，reproducible. It can be used as a detection method for measuring glucose，sucrose and fructose in human exhaled breath.

Objective To know the influencing factors and distribution characteristics of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning by using latent category analysis method. Methods A total of 102 patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning admitted to Jinhua Central Hospital were chosen as the research subjects. These patients were divided into the brain injury group（37 cases） and the non-brain injury group（65 cases） based on whether they suffered from brain damage after poisoning，and the general information of the two groups was compared. The risk factors for the occurrence of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning were analyzed. Cluster analysis was used to divide the patients into high-risk and low-risk groups for brain injury occurrence based on different levels of specific central nervous system proteins（S100β）. The differences in the distribution characteristics of influencing factors between the two groups were compared. Results There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of poisoning severity，poisoning duration，coma duration，time of initiating hyperbaric oxygen（HBO） treatment，Glasgow Coma Scale（GCS） score，use of mechanical ventilation，metabolic acidosis，myocardial injury，ischemic electrocardiogram changes，typical brain computed tomography（CT）changes，neuron-specific enolase（NSE） and S100β levels（P<0.05）. Severe poisoning，poisoning duration ≥5.52 hours，coma duration ≥10.91 hours，time of initiating HBO treatment ≥16.89 hours，GCS≤5 points，myocardial injury，NSE ≥14.82 μg/L and S100β ≥156.45 μg/L were all independent risk factors for the occurrence of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning（P<0.05）. The probability of brain injury occurrence in the high-risk group（74.42%） was significantly higher than that in the low-risk group（8.47%）（P<0.05）. The proportion of “multiple risk factor distribution” in the high-risk group of brain injury occurrence（69.77%） was higher than that in the low-risk group（32.20%），while the proportion of “fewer risk factor distribution” in the high-risk group（30.23%） was lower than that in the low-risk group（67.80%）（P<0.05）. Conclusion Severe poisoning，poisoning duration ≥5.52 hours，coma duration ≥10.91 hours，initiation of HBO treatment ≥16.89 hours，GCS≤5 points，myocardial injury，NSE ≥14.82 μg/L and S100β ≥156.45 μg/L are all independent risk factors for the occurrence of brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. The distribution characteristics of the influencing factors of brain injury occurrence in the high-risk group and the low-risk group of patients are significantly different.

Objective To systematically analyze the contamination characteristics，speciation distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals in farmland soils of Y Town，Midong District，Urumqi City，and to provide the methodological reference for risk assessment and safe utilization of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Methods Fourteen farmland soil samples were collected. The total contents of eight heavy metals，cadmium（Cd），chromium（Cr），mercury（Hg），nickel（Ni），lead（Pb），copper（Cu），zinc（Zn） and arsenic（As） were determined. The speciation distribution characteristics were analyzed by using the modified Community Bureau of Reference（CBR） sequential extraction procedure（abbreviated as BCR sequential extraction method）. The correlation between soil pH and heavy metal concentrations was explored via Spearman rank correlation analysis. Bioavailability risks were evaluated by using two methods：the risk assessment code（RAC） method and the ratio of secondary phase to primary phase（RSP） method. Results The study area soils were alkaline（pH 7.95-8.90），with prominent Cd and As pollution. Specifically，Cd concentrations exceeded the risk screening values at 2 sites，and As concentrations exceeded the standard at 11 sites. Compared with the background values of Xinjiang soils，the disqualified rates of Cd，Hg，Cu and As at all sampled sites reached 100%. Speciation analysis indicated that heavy metals primarily existed in residual and oxidizable fractions：Cu and As had residual fractions exceeding 90%，indicating low environmental risk. Zn，Cr，Cd and Pb showed relatively high oxidizable or reducible fractions at some sites. Hg exhibited significant speciation variability，with exchangeable fractions accounting for up to 30.3%，and oxidizable fractions exceeding 20% at 7 sites. Bioavailability assessments revealed significant differences between the two methods，with the RSP method being more suitable for potential risk evaluation in alkaline soils. Notably，Ni，Cr and Zn total contents showed significant negative correlations with pH，while most total heavy metals exhibited positive correlations characteristic of co-originated pollution. Correlations among bioavailable fractions，however，were regulated by speciation transformation mechanisms. Conclusion Excessive Cd and As levels，along with the high bioavailability risk of Hg，require prioritized attention. Under alkaline conditions，heavy metals primarily accumulate in stable fractions，however，Hg’s organically bound and exchangeable fractions still retain release potential. It is recommended to conduct contamination source investigations in high-risk Hg areas and select appropriate risk assessment methods based on soil physicochemical properties.

Objective To know the content and variation characteristics of secondary water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 of Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area. Methods The monitoring data of PM_2.5 and water-soluble ions in 2023 were analyzed to explore the variation rules of secondary ions under different seasons，time periods and pollution levels. Results The secondary ions accounted for 60.9% of PM_2.5 in 2023，with NO₃^- had the highest proportion（30.9%）. In terms of seasonal variation，NO₃^- was the most abundant water-soluble ion in winter，spring and autumn，while SO₄^2- had the highest proportion in summer. The Nitrate Oxidation Ratio（NOR） and Sulfate Oxidation Ratio（SOR）were all greater than 0.1 in four seasons. The neutralization of anions and cations was sufficient in different seasons，making PM_2.5 overall neutral. The secondary ions mainly existed in the forms of（NH₄）₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃. Affected by meteorological factors such as atmospheric relative humidity，the concentration of NO₃^- varied significantly among different time periods in spring and autumn，which was consistent with the variation trend of PM_2.5. Conclusion The concentration of atmospheric particulate matter in Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area is significantly affected by the secondary water-soluble ions，especially NO₃^-. With the increase of PM_2.5 concentration， the concentration of NO₃^- grows the fastest.

Objective To understand the toxic effect of sodium ρ-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate（OBS） on the axis of gut microbiota-endocrine. Methods 32 male ICR mice aged six weeks were randomly divided into the control（CON，0.0 μg/L） and OBS exposed groups（0.1，1.0 and 10.0 μg/L），8 in each，treated through drinking water for 6 weeks. During the OBS exposure，the weight changes of mice were measured. After the OBS exposure，all mice were sacrificed，and histopathological examination of the testis was done. The levels of testosterone，triiodothyronine（T3） and tetraiodothyronine（T4） in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The mRNA levels of AR，ERα，ERβ，HMG-CoA，HMG-CoA，LDL-R，SR-B1，STAR，PBR，P450SCC，3β-HSD，P45017α and 17β-HSD in the testis and the relative abundance of gut microbiota（Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes，Actinobacteria，α-Proteobacteria，β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria） in colon and cecum were measured by qRT-PCR. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the structure and composition of gut microbiota in cecal contents. Results Compared with the control，no significant changes were seen in the testis weights，the ratio of the testis weights and body weights，testicular structure in 0.1，1.0 and 10.0 μg/L OBS groups. Compared with the control，the serum levels of testosterone decreased after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure and the serum levels of T4 significantly increased in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L OBS groups（P<0.05），while no significant change was showed in the serum levels of T3 after OBS exposure. Compared with the control，the mRNA levels of AR，ERα，ERβ，HMG-CoA reductase，HMG-CoA synthase，LDL-R，SR-B1，STAR，PBR，P450SCC，3β-HSD，P45017α and 17β-HSD did not change after OBS exposure. However，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes after 1.0 μg/L and 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure and the relative abundance of Firmicutes and β-Proteobacteria decreased in 10.0 μg/L OBS group in colonic contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. The relative abundance of Firmicutes，α-Proteobacteria，β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure，the relative abundance of Firmicutes and α-Proteobacteria after 1.0 μg/L OBS exposure，and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in three OBS groups were down-regulated in cecal contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. Differently，the relative abundance of Actinobacteria were up-regulated after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure in cecal contents，with significant differences（P<0.05）. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the percentage of Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes and Proteobacteria changed at the phylum level in cecal contents after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure. Among the Operational Taxonomic Units（OTUs） identified with gut microbiota of mice，there were 433 OTUs in the control and 172 OTUs in the 10.0 μg/L OBS except for the common OTUs. And the differential microbiota patterns of gut microbiota could also be observed by using a principal component analysis. However，the α-diversity index of gut microbiota showed that the indexes of Shannon，Simpson，Chao1 and Ace were no significant changed after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure compared with the control. The analysis of LDA Effect Size（LEfSe） revealed that Bacteroidaceae，Bacteroides，Peptococcaceae and Bilophila were mainly affected by 10.0 μg/L OBS，and their relative abundance were up-regulated after 10.0 μg/L OBS exposure. Conclusion Although，OBS can not cause the changes of testicular tissue weight and pathology，it can decrease serum content of testosterone and increase serum T4 content. Additionally，the structure and composition of gut microbiota in mice may change after OBS treatment. Bacteroidaceae，Bacteroides，Peptococcaceae and Bilophila may be biomarkers for OBS toxic effect，and their abundance may increase after OBS treatment. It suggests that OBS may affect endocrine homeostasis in mice through gut microbiota biomarkers and there is the axis（gut microbiota -endocrine axis） of OBS action in mice.

Objective To understand the influence of continuous guidance based on the national health belief model on the self-management ability and quality of life of obese type 2 diabetes（T2DM） patients. Methods From May 2023 to June 2024，120 T2DM patients with combined obesity were enrolled and randomly divided into a control group and an observation group，with 60 cases in each group，according to the principle of random number table. They were given routine continuous nursing（control group） and continuous nursing mode based on the national health belief model added on the basis of routine care. The compliance，nursing satisfaction，blood sugar level，diabetes complication rate and readmission rate during follow-up，self-management ability，quality of life scores and adverse events were compared between the two groups. Results After the intervention，compared with the control（the treatment adherence score 40.88±3.74），in the observation group it was significantly lower（23.77±3.38）（P<0.05），and the blood glucose level was also significantly lower（P<0.05）. The complication rate（11.67%），readmission rate（18.33%） and adverse event rate（16.67%） in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group（1.67%，5.00% and 3.33% respectively，all P<0.05）. After the intervention，the self-management ability and quality of life in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P<0.05）. The nursing satisfaction rate in the observation group（96.67%） was significantly higher than that in the control group（80.00%）（P<0.05）. Conclusion Continuity guidance based on the national health belief model can effectively improve treatment compliance and self-management ability of obese T2DM patients，improve blood glucose levels，reduce the incidence of complications，readmission and adverse events，and enhance nursing satisfaction and quality of life.

Objective To understand the protective effect and mechanism of corn peptide（CP） on liver injury in mice exposed to subchronic cadmium（Cd²⁺）. Methods Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups，6 mice in each，the blank control group，Cd²⁺ exposure group，Cd²⁺ exposure+low-dose CP（400 mg/kg） group，Cd²⁺ exposure+moderate-dose CP（600 mg/kg） group and Cd²⁺ exposure+high-dose CP（800 mg/kg） group. The blank group was given an equal volume of normal saline. A subchronic cadmium poisoning model was established in the Cd²⁺ treated group after 2 mg/kg Cd²⁺ solution was injected intraperitoneally every other day for 4 weeks. CP group was given CP solution at 400，600 and 800 mg/kg，respectively，once a day for 28 days. At the end of the experiment，the mice were sacrificed to collect blood，take the liver to calculate its organ coefficient，hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining to observe the liver tissue. Liver homogenate was prepared to detect malondialdehyde（MDA），superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT） and glutathione（GSH） levels. The contents of alanine aminotransferase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） in the serum separated by blood centrifugation were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Analysis of variance and LSD test were performed using SPSS 24.0. Results Compared with the control group，the body weight of mice in Cd²⁺-exposed group decreased，the liver organ coefficient increased，the liver MDA level increased，the SOD，CAT，GSH levels decreased，and the serum ALT and AST levels increased. Compared with the Cd²⁺ exposed group，the body weight of CP group increased，MDA level in liver decreased，SOD，CAT and GSH levels increased，with significant differences（P<0.05），ALT and AST levels decreased，and there was a significant difference between the CP high-dose group and the model group in ALT level（P<0.05）. Conclusion CP has a protective effect on the liver of subchronic cadmium exposed mice，and the reduction of oxidative stress in the liver may be involved in the mechanism of CP protection.

Objective To analyze the changing trends of drinking water quality in urban and rural areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin from 2019 to 2022，and provide the scientific data for further improving the drinking water quality and strengthening the sanitary management of drinking water. Methods The water samples were collected during the dry season and wet season each year. The samples were tested and evaluated according to the Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water（GB/T 5750-2006）and Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water（GB 5749-2006）. Results The overall qualified rate of drinking water in Jizhou District of Tianjin from 2019 to 2022 was 75.24%（638/848）.The qualified rate increased year by year，with significant differences across years（P<0.05）. The qualified rates for municipal water supply and small-scale centralized water supply were 99.26%（405/408） and 52.95%（233/440），respectively，with significant differences between water supply types（P<0.05）. The qualified rates for urban and rural areas were 100.00%（200/200） and 67.59%（438/648），respectively，demonstrating significant regional differences（P<0.05）. Conclusion The qualified rate of drinking water in urban and rural areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin presents a year-by-year upward trend. However，the qualified rate in rural areas remains relatively low，indicating an urgent need to address drinking water quality issues in these regions.

Objective To understand the correlation of allergic rhinitis with air pollution and the risk factors for allergic rhinitis（AR） in Lishui，Zhejiang province，so as to guide the clinical prevention and treatment of AR patients. Methods 1 058 patients with AR who were first treated in the department of otorhinolaryngology of various hospitals in Lishui area were collected and analyzed from December 2023 to November 2024. Non-AR patients who first came to the department of otorhinolaryngology of hospitals were chosen according to the 1∶1 matching. With age（difference within 3 years） and gender as matching variables，logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyze the risk factors of AR. Results 1 058 patients with AR were treated for the first time. April and September were the peak periods of symptoms in patients with AR. The factors inducing AR mainly included dust，cold air，pollen and dust mites，etc. Univariate logistic regression analysis suggested that active/passive smoking，frequency of mattress drying，outdoor time>1 h，frequent exposure to dust，and history of pollen allergy were related to the occurrence of AR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that active/passive smoking [OR（95%CI）：1.18（1.09-1.28）]，mattress drying once a month [OR（95%CI）：2.43（1.16-5.07）]，frequent exposure to dust [OR（95%CI）：3.81（1.49-9.78）]，and pollen allergy history [OR（95%CI）：2.91（1.12-7.62）] were independent influencing factors of AR occurrence（P<0.05）. Spearman analysis found that PM_2.5，PM₁₀ and SO₂ were positively correlated with the number of AR cases（r_s=0.634，0.589 and 0.595 respectively，P<0.05），while NO₂，O₃ and CO were not significantly associated with the number of AR cases（r_s=0.431，0.224 and -0.045 respectively，P>0.05）. Conclusion The occurrence of AR in Lishui area is closely related to internal and external environmental factors such as active or passive smoking，frequency of mattress drying，frequent exposure to dust，pollen allergy，PM_2.5，PM₁₀ and SO₂. It is necessary to pay more attention to the above factors and formulate a comprehensive environmental control plan to reduce the occurrence of AR.

Objective To devolop a method based on vortex-assisted n-hexane-toluene extraction combined with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（GC-MS/MS） for rapid simultaneous determination of 17 plasticizers in drinking water，providing technical support for improving the detection efficiency of plasticizers in water. Methods Using liquid-liquid extraction method with sodium chloride as an auxiliary extractant，plasticizers in water samples were extracted by 2 mL n-hexane-toluene（1:1，v/v） vortex extraction. The extraction solution was determined by GC-MS/MS and quantified by using the isotope internal standard method. Results The 17 kinds of plasticizers showed good linearity in the corresponding concentration range of 10 ng/mL to 600 ng/mL，and the correlation coefficient was ≥0.998 7. The limits of quantification were within 0.006-0.400 μg/L. The recoveries were 84.3% to 117.8% with relative standard deviation（RSD） of 0.4%-6.5%（n=6） at low，moderate and high concentrations. Conclusion This method is fast，simple，accurate and is applicable to rapid simultaneous determination of 17 plasticizers in drinking water.