ISSN 1001-5914 CN 12-1095/R
国家疾病预防控制局 主管
中华预防医学会、天津市疾病预防控制中心 联合主办
国家疾病预防控制局 主管
中华预防医学会、天津市疾病预防控制中心 联合主办
Objective To understand the association of prenatal rare earth elements（REEs） exposure with low birth weight and small for gestational age，and provide scientific evidence for evaluating the reproductive health risks posed by REEs. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted between September 2012 and October 2014，enrolling 4 891 pregnant women who delivered at Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Hospital and their newborns. Concentrations of 13 REEs（cerium，ytterbium，lanthanum，etc.，μg/g creatinine-adjusted） in maternal urine were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between single REE exposure and low birth weight and small for gestational age，while weighted quantile sum（WQS） regression was employed to assess the joint effects of REE mixture exposure. Results The incidence rates of low birth weight and small for gestational age were 0.8%（39/4 891） and 7.9%（388/4 891） respectively. After adjusting for confounders，each 1 μg/g creatinine increase in single REE exposure was associated with a 25.6%-51.4% higher risk of low birth weight（OR values were 1.256-1.514，P<0.05）. WQS regression revealed that REE mixture exposure was significantly associated with low birth weight（OR=2.004，95%CI：1.320-3.044），with cerium（weight=0.453） being the primary contributing elements. No significant association was found between REE exposure and small for gestational age（P>0.05）. Conclusions Prenatal REE exposure is an independent risk factor for low birth weight，with a more pronounced synergistic effect under mixed exposure. However，due to the limitation of single sampling，more studies are needed to verify these results at multiple time points in prospective studies.
Objective To understand the exposure characterization，source and health risk of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） in tap water of a representative polluted region，and provide scientific data for the development of targeted risk mitigation strategies and the protection of public health. Methods In December 2024，a field survey was carried out in a representative fluorochemical pollution area in Xiaogan，Hubei Province，and 11 tap water samples of daily household consumption were collected. A total of 30 target PFASs were analyzed by using solid-phase extraction（SPE） coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS）. The source apportionment was performed by using the ratio method，Spearman correlation analysis，principal component analysis（PCA） and the positive matrix factorization（PMF） model. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from drinking water for different population groups were assessed by using the hazard quotient（HQ），hazard index（HI） and carcinogenic risk（CR）. The used software was SPSS 21.0. Results Thirteen PFASs had a detection frequency of 100% in tap water. Perfluorobutyric acid（PFBA）（mean 742.21 ng/L） was the absolutely dominant contaminant，followed by perfluorobutanesulfonic acid（PFBS）（168.64 ng/L），perfluorohexanoic acid（PFHxA）（92.20 ng/L） and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid（PFOS）（42.11 ng/L）. Source apportionment was performed using the ratio method，PCA，and PMF. The results showed that the PFOS/perfluorooctanoic acid（PFOA） ratio was >1 at 45.45% of the sampling sites and <1 at 54.55% of the sampling sites；the perfluoroheptanoic acid（PFHpA）/PFOA ratio was >1 at 81.82% of the sampling sites and <1 at 18.18% of the sampling sites；and the PFBA/PFOA ratio was >1 at all sampling sites. PCA extracted two principal components，which together explained 90.38% of the cumulative variance. PMF identified two factors，both of which were dominated by short-chain PFASs，with PFBA as the predominant component. The non-carcinogenic risk（HI） from oral intake of PFOA and PFOS via drinking water exceeded 1 for both adults and children，and the CR of PFOA was above 10-4，indicating an unacceptable level. Conclusions Tap water in this typical area has been heavily contaminated by PFASs. Industrial water discharge and effluent from sewage treatment plants are the main sources of contamination，with short-chain substitutes becoming the major contaminants. Unacceptable health risks from PFASs via drinking water exist for residents. Priority control of PFOA and PFOS，as well as enhanced removal of short-chain PFASs in tap water treatment processes，is urgently needed.
Objective To understand the current state of knowledge，attitude and behavior of microplastic exposure and the influencing factors among college students in Guangxi，and provide scientific data for the risk control of microplastic exposure. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to January 2025，recruiting 1 028 participants from 30 universities in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region by using a convenience sampling method. The questionnaire included general demographic information，knowledge，attitudes，and practices（KAP） regarding microplastic exposure，as well as plastic bag use. The chi-square test and generalized linear models were performed by using SPSS version 26.0 for data analysis. Results The overall awareness rate of microplastic knowledge was 65.86%. Statistically significant differences in the awareness rate of microplastics were observed among college students based on gender，registered residence，school and major（P<0.05）. The mastery of basic microplastic knowledge among college students ranged from 69.75% to 81.71%. The rates of plastic bag usage under different circumstances among these students ranged from 80.16% to 86.87%. Among the students，55.16% actively paid attention to knowledge related to plastic pollution，and 84.34% believed that it was necessary to publicize the hazards of microplastics. The median total score of knowledge，attitude and practice regarding microplastics among college students was 20（P25，P75：18，21）. Generalized linear model analysis revealed that the scores of female students were lower than those of male students（B= -0.970，P<0.01），the students from rural registered residences scored lower than those from urban registered residences（B=-0.939，P<0.01），and lower-grade undergraduate students（freshmen and sophomores） scored lower than senior students（B=-0.610，P<0.01）. Conclusion The awareness rate of microplastics among college students in Guangxi is low，and the corresponding measures should be taken to improve their awareness of microplastics.
As an emerging pollutant，microplastics have become a research focus in environmental and public health due to their potential threats to human health. Microplastics can enter the human body through multiple pathways and accumulate in various organs，posing systemic health risks. However，current toxicity studies predominantly focus on gastrointestinal exposure，while respiratory exposure and its associated health effects remain underexplored. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in research on the neurotoxic effects of microplastics，particularly following respiratory exposure. It emphasizes the emerging concept of the “lung-brain axis” and discusses its significance in understanding microplastic neurotoxicity. The present paper analyzes possible mechanisms by which microplastics，via bidirectional lung-brain communication，may impair central nervous system function and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. By compiling existing literature，this paper provides new insights for assessing the health risks of microplastics and highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research in elucidating their toxic mechanisms and developing effective prevention and control strategies.
Micro- and nanoplastics（MNPs），as emerging environmental contaminants with high mobility and a propensity for bioaccumulation，can be taken up via the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts as well as through iatrogenic routes and subsequently accumulate in the cardiovascular tissues，thereby posing a potential health risk. Cardiovascular disease（CVD） remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality，and multiple clinical and epidemiological studies implicate MNPs as a possible contributory risk factor. The present paper summarized the sources of MNPs，exposure pathways to the human cardiovascular system and analytical detection methods，and focuses on the correlation between MNP exposure and CVD as well as the putative pathogenic mechanisms. Going forward，urgent priorities include the development of standardized quantitative analytical frameworks for MNPs，the establishment of validated clinical screening biomarkers and evidence-based safety thresholds，and the integration of MNP exposure assessment into CVD risk-prediction models，alongside strengthened source-reduction measures and environmental regulation. This paper provides a theoretical basis for optimizing primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases，advancing the implementation of precision-medicine strategies，and informing the evidence-based formulation of plastics-related environmental regulatory policies.
Objective To establish an efficient，precise and intelligent occupational hazard inspection technology framework. Methods The study employed systems engineering design and modular decomposition approaches to develop an integrated intelligent inspection system combining “5G network communication，multi-sensor integration of drones and ground-based smart terminals.” The lightweight structure and protective design of drones were optimized，while edge computing and network slicing technologies ensured low-latency and high-stability data transmission. Through scenario-based task planning methods combined with 3D geographic information systems and path optimization algorithms，intelligent inspection workflows were established for typical scenarios such as chemical storage tank areas and mine tunnels，enhancing coverage efficiency and reducing personnel exposure risks. Multi-source sensor fusion technology enabled round-the-clock dynamic monitoring of hazardous factors including dust，toxic gases，and noise. A six-month field comparative experiment validated system performance across four dimensions：inspection efficiency，real-time data accuracy，transmission stability and user acceptance. Results Compared with traditional manual inspections，the 5G-enabled drone-based intelligent inspection system reduced the time significantly，enabling coverage of high-altitude and deep-area operational areas inaccessible to manual personnel. The system’s data collection completeness rate reached 98.5%，while the capture rate for peak concentrations of hazardous factors increased to 87.5%. The average data transmission latency was 18.5 ms，with a packet loss rate of only 0.12%，demonstrating significantly superior communication stability compared to traditional offline inspection modes. The survey results on system application satisfaction showed high overall scores，with the “reduction of personnel operational risks” dimension receiving the highest level of approval，with a score of（4.73±0.45） points，though the “operational ease” aspect still required further optimization，with a score of（3.86±0.72） points. Conclusion This study provides replicable technical solutions and standardized operational procedures for intelligent occupational hazard supervision in high-risk industries，facilitating the transition from “passive response” to “proactive prevention” in occupational health regulation，with significant social benefits and industry-wide applicability.
Objective To understand the independent and joint effects of nighttime light，air pollution and green space on the risk of cardiovascular disease（CVD） in middle-aged and older adults，and explore whether nighttime light amplifies air pollution-associated CVD risk and whether green space exerts a mediating protective effect by reducing air pollution. Methods Based on a prospective cohort of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study（CHARLS） from 2011 to 2015，14 331 participants aged 45 and older free of CVD at baseline were included. Satellite-derived exposure data[nighttime light，PM2.5，PM10，NO2，normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI），etc.] were matched to their residential locations. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the associations between environmental exposures and incident CVD，and restricted cubic splines were applied to fit dose-response relationships. Relative excess risk due to interaction（RERI） was used to assess interaction effects，and causal mediation analysis was performed to elucidate the protective pathways of green space. Results During a median follow-up of 4.0 years，1 142 incident CVD cases were documented. Multivariable Cox regression showed that each interquartile range increase in PM2.5，PM10 and NO2 was associated with a 21%（HR=1.21，95%CI：1.10-1.33），24%（HR=1.24，95%CI：1.16-1.31） and 22%（HR=1.22，95%CI：1.11-1.33） increased risk of CVD，respectively. Compared with the low NDVI group，the high NDVI group had a 19% lower risk of CVD（HR=0.81，95%CI：0.69-0.95）. Interaction analyses identified significant positive additive interactions between high nighttime light and PM2.5，PM10，NO2，PM1，NO3-，NH4+，SO42-，OM and BC with the 95% CIs of RERI and AP excluding zero. Joint stratified analyses demonstrated that participants with low nighttime light and high NDVI exhibited a 61% reduction in CVD risk（HR=0.39，95%CI：0.30-0.51），while the association between NDVI and CVD risk was not statistically significant under high nighttime light exposure. Causal mediation analysis revealed that PM10 served as the primary mediator for the cardiovascular protective effect of NDVI，with a mediation proportion of 97.59%. Conclusion Nighttime light synergistically exacerbates CVD risk induced by air pollution and interferes with the health-protective effects of green space.
Objective To understand the correlation of blood and urinary cadmium（Cd） levels with the risk of stroke，and provide scientific data for the prevention and control of stroke attributable to cadmium exposure. Methods Based on the adult data from the database of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey（NHANES） from 1999 to 2020，RStudio 4.4.3 was used for data extraction and summary. SPSS 26.0 was used to perform the Student's t-test and χ2 test，and Stata 15.0 was applied for restricted cubic spline（RCS） analysis. The concentrations of Cd in blood and urine exhibited a skewed distribution，therefore，log10 transformation was conducted prior to statistical analysis. A multivariate logistic regression model was established to estimate the effect of Cd exposure on stroke. The quantile combined with logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the effect size of increased Cd exposure quantiles and the impact of confounding factors. Results A total of 7 510 participants were enrolled in this study，267 suffered from stroke，with a prevalence of 3.56%. The median blood Cd level in the stroke population was 0.64 μg/L（P25，P75：0.46，0.90 μg/L），which was higher than that in the non-stroke population [median：0.53 μg/L（P25，P75：0.30，0.78 μg/L）]. The urinary Cd level in the stroke population was（0.62±0.34） μg/g creatinine，also higher than（0.45±0.37） μg/g creatinine in the non-stroke population.The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis (model 1) showed that，increased blood Cd exposure（OR=2.45，95%CI：1.75-3.43，P<0.001） and urinary Cd exposure（OR=3.36，95%CI：2.41-4.68，P<0.001） were positively correlated with the risk of stroke. Both blood Cd exposure（Poverall<0.01，Pnonlinear=0.33） and urinary Cd exposure（Poverall<0.01，Pnonlinear=0.34） presented a positive linear association with stroke risk. The risk of stroke increased gradually when blood Cd exposure exceeded the threshold of 0.54 μg/L，and similarly increased when urinary Cd exposure was above 0.46 μg/g creatinine. The results of model 2 indicated that there was no statistically significant association between blood and urine Cd exposure and the risk of stroke（P>0.05），and no linear correlation was observed either. Conclusions A positive linear association exists between Cd exposure levels in both blood and urine and the risk of stroke. As Cd exposure increases，so does the risk of stroke，but this is influenced by confounding factors.
Objective To determine the pesticide residue status in vegetables and fruits sold in Taizhou City and risk of the dietary exposure，and to provide the scientific data for relevant departments to implement effective supervision. Methods Total 785 samples of vegetables and fruits were collected from 2021 to 2025. Pesticide residue detection was carried out according to the National Food Pollution and Harmful Factor Risk Monitoring Work Manual and relevant national standards. The Index of Food Safety（IFS） and the Acute Reference Dose percentage（%ARfD） were used to evaluate the dietary exposure risks. SPSS 22.0 software was used to conduct chi-square tests. Results The total detection rate of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Taizhou City from 2021 to 2025 was 75.80%，with a total unqualified rate of 3.69%. In different kinds of fruit and vegetable，the detection rates of tropical and subtropical fruits（94.02%），stone fruits（76.92%），and berries（75.70%） were relatively high in fruits. The detection rates of fresh beans（84.72%），fresh stems（78.72%），and leafy vegetables（77.50%） were relatively high in vegetables. Among the 7 types of pesticides tested，fungicides，pyrethroids and neonicotinoids were found to be frequently detected in vegetables and fruits. Overloaded pesticides included clothianidin，thiamethoxam and cyromazine，while banned pesticides such as chlorpyrifos，triazophos and omethoate were also detected. The risk assessment indicated that，except for the non-evaluated indicators，the IFS values of the monitored pesticides were all less than 1，indicating that the chronic dietary risk was at an acceptable level. In the acute dietary exposure assessment，the %ARfD value of propiconazole in cilantro was 113.61%，indicating a potential acute health risk，the %ARfD values of all other pesticides were less than 100%，indicating acceptable acute risk. Conclusions The detection rate of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits sold in Taizhou City is relatively high，but the disqualified rate is low. The overall risk of pesticide residues ingested by residents through vegetables and fruits is low.
Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis B in Taiyuan City from 2005 to 2024 and establish a model to predict the incidence trend in 2025，so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating precise prevention and control strategies. Methods The data on reported hepatitis B cases in Taiyuan City from 2005 to 2024 were collected from the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System（NNDRS）. After excluding pathogen carriers and suspected cases，and removing duplicates by using multiple criteria，a total of 90 421 valid cases were included for analysis. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the Annual Percentage Change（APC） and Average Annual Percentage Change（AAPC） for analyzing the long-term incidence trend. Seasonal index was adopted to characterize the seasonal distribution features. Moran’s I index was applied for spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore the spatial clustering characteristics. A seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average（SARIMA） model was constructed to predict the incidence trend in 2025，and the fitting and prediction performance of the model were evaluated by the goodness of fit（R2） and error indicators of the validation set. Results The average annual reported incidence of hepatitis B in Taiyuan City from 2005 to 2024 was 105.99 per 100 000 population，showing an overall downward trend with an AAPC of -5.93%， and the trend change was statistically significant（P=0.002）. The seasonal index of hepatitis B incidence was the lowest at 0.747 in February and the highest at 1.161 in March，without distinct seasonal epidemic peak. Regarding population distribution，the incidence in males（114.53 per 100 000） was higher than that in females（97.00 per 100 000），with a statistically significant difference（P<0.001）. The 60-69 age group had the highest incidence（150.65 per 100 000）. Houseworkers and the unemployed（28.42%），farmers（16.92%） and workers（13.40%） were the main occupational groups. For spatial distribution，high-incidence areas included Gujiao City（163.40 per 100 000） and Xiaodian District（117.92 per 100 000），while low-incidence counties included Yangqu County（59.79 per 100 000）. The global Moran’s I index was negative in most years and turned positive from 2022 to 2024. The constructed SARIMA（0，1，1）（2，1，2）12 model showed good fitting performance（R2=0.917） and predicted a steady downward trend in 2025. Conclusions The incidence of hepatitis B in Taiyuan City showed an overall decreasing trend from 2005 to 2024，with higher incidence observed in males，middle-aged and elderly populations，and areas such as Gujiao. The SARIMA model predicts that the incidence will continue a steady downward trend in 2025. Targeted and precise prevention and control measures should be strengthened in key areas and populations in the future.
Objective To understand the changes in indoor air quality in four types of public places（hotels，beauty salons and barber shops，shopping malls and supermarkets，and swimming places） in a district of Beijing from 2022 to 2024，and provide scientific data for differentiated supervision. Methods A stratified sampling method was employed. From June to October each year during 2022-2024，four categories of public places were chosen in this district. A total of 144 public places were included，with 336 samples. The sampling and testing were conducted in accordance with GB/T 18204—2013 Methods of Hygienic Testing for Public Places，covering indicators such as temperature，relative humidity，noise，carbon monoxide（CO），carbon dioxide（CO2），PM2.5，formaldehyde and total bacterial count. Compliance was determined according to GB 37488—2019 Hygienic Indicators and Limits for Public Places. Analysis of variance，chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests were performed by using SPSS 22.0，and the Cochran-Armitage trend test was applied to analyse the changes in compliance rates over time. Results Among the 336 samples monitored from 2022 to 2024，252 were qualified，with an overall compliance rate of 75.00%. The annual compliance rates for indoor air quality in public places were 63.41% in 2022，73.08% in 2023 and 84.68% in 2024 respectively，with a significant upward trend（P<0.001）. The compliance rate for hotels increased from 75.86% in 2022 to 100.00% in 2024，with a significant upward trend（P<0.001），and for beauty salons and barber shops，it increased from 60.00% to 86.67%（P=0.030）. For shopping malls and supermarkets，the compliance rates in 2022，2023 and 2024 were 45.45%，30.77% and 54.55%，respectively，without significant trend（trend χ2=2.20，P=0.138）. For swimming places，the corresponding rates were 59.09%，70.00% and 75.00% respectively，without significant difference（trend χ2=1.23，P=0.268）. The cumulative exceedance rate for noise in shopping malls and supermarkets was 45.8%（27/59），and for PM2.5，the cumulative exceedance rates were 19.4% in swimming places and 12.5% in beauty salons and barber shops. The disqualified rate of total bacterial count was observed only in shopping malls and supermarkets（20.3%）. Formaldehyde was found to be compliant in all public places across all years. Conclusions Indoor air quality in public places in this district of Beijing improved significantly overall. Hotels essentially achieved full compliance，beauty salons and barber shops showed continuous improvement，while the compliance rate for shopping malls and supermarkets fluctuated considerably. Differentiated supervision is recommended，with priority given to noise control and micro-space ventilation in shopping malls and supermarkets，and targeted PM2.5 management in beauty salons and barber shops and swimming places.
Objective To understand the influencing factors of the occurrence of menopausal syndrome（perimenopausal syndrome，PMS） in Ninghai County，and to analyze the potential factors affecting the development of perimenopausal health services. Methods The perimenopausal women aged 40-60 were chosen in the related departments from December 2020 to December 2022 and to be conducted physical examination，and were randomly divided into no PMS group（n=183） and PMS group（n=619）. The clinical baseline information of the subjects was collected by using the modified Kupperman menopausal symptom self-assessment scale，family care index questionnaire，social support scale，and nursing work environment scale. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of PMS occurrence and the potential factors influencing the development of menopausal health services. Results Among 802 perimenopausal women，the prevalence of PMS was 77.18%（619/802）. Multivariate analysis revealed that advanced age，menopause，comorbid chronic diseases，irregular physical activity，high-frequency physical activity，and family care-related difficulties were all independent risk factors for the development of perimenopausal syndrome（P<0.05）. The total menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire（MENQOL） score in the PMS group was（68.35±10.25） points，which was significantly higher than the score in the non-PMS group（45.28±8.65） points；this difference was statistically significant（t=15.362，P<0.001）. Conclusion The overall occurrence of PMS in Ninghai County is not optimistic，with many influencing factors. Hospital nursing managers and county health departments should take targeted measures to conduct effective intervention to promote the physical and mental health of PMS patients and perimenopausal women.
Objective To understand the relationship between the ratio of alanine aminotransferase to aspartate aminotransferase（ALT/AST） and the changes of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase（GGT） in patients with chronic hepatitis B（CHB） undergoing antiviral treatment and prognosis as well as immune response，and to provide the scientific data for optimizing treatment strategies and improving the long-term prognosis of patients. Methods A total of 258 CHB patients admitted to the hospital from May 2022 to June 2025 were chosen as the research subjects. They received 48-week antiviral treatment. According to the 48-week HBV DNA test results，they were divided into the complete virological response（CVR） group（n=206） and the partial virological response（PVR） group（n=52）. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the relationship between the 48-week ALT/AST ratio and GGT and PVR. The difference-in-differences（DID） method combined with the generalized linear mixed-effects regression（GLMER） model was employed to evaluate the association between the ALT/AST ratio and GGT and PVR. Multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the 48-week ALT/AST ratio and GGT as well as immune indicators during treatment. Results After 12，24，and 48 weeks of treatment，the levels of CD3+，CD4+，and CD4+/CD8+ in the CVR group were significantly higher than those in the PVR group（all P<0.05），while the ALT/AST ratio，GGT，HBV DNA，hepatitis B surface antigen（HBsAg），hepatitis B virus e antigen（HBeAg），and CD8+ were lower than those in the PVR group，with statistically significant differences（all P<0.05）. Repeated measures variance analysis showed that there were significant differences in the between-group effects，time effects and interaction effects of the above indicators（all P<0.001）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis（model 3） showed that the ALT/AST ratio and GGT were independently associated with the risk of PVR at 48 weeks of treatment（OR=1.715，95%CI：1.153-1.933；OR=1.724，95%CI：1.267-1.910）. The reaction curve results showed that as the ALT/AST ratio and GGT increased，the risk of PVR generally showed an upward trend，and there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between ALT/AST ratio，GGT and the risk of PVR（non-linear test P< 0.05）. Using the linear model to calculate the ER value and its 95%CI，the results showed that for every 1 increase in the ALT/AST ratio，the ER value of the PVR risk was 1.708（95%CI：1.341-2.667）；for every 1 U/L increase in GGT，the ER value of the PVR risk was 1.676（95%CI：1.352-2.538）. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for other confounding factors，ALT/AST and GGT still had a positive correlation with HBV DNA，HBsAg，HBeAg，and CD8+，and a negative correlation with CD3+，CD4+，and CD4+/CD8+. Conclusion After antiviral treatment for CHB patients，the ratio of ALT/AST and GGT have a certain correlation with the immune response，and may serve as the reference indicators for reflecting the immune response status and virological prognosis after antiviral treatment.
Objective To understand the effects of different air pollutants on the stratification factors of acute exacerbation and hospitalization risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD），and provide the evidence-based basis for personalized protection guidance in clinical nursing. Methods Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed，Web of Science，CNKI，WanFang Data and other databases for case-control and time series studies on PM2.5，PM10，SO2 and NO2 related to acute exacerbation COPD. The search time limit was from the establishment of the database to February 2026. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening，data extraction and evaluation. Stata 18.0 software was used for meta analysis and subgroup effect evaluation，and SPSS 27.0 software was used for statistical processing. Results Fourteen documents were finally included，including 14 studies，with a cumulative sample size of 1 799 819 cases. Lag analysis showed that increased concentrations of air pollutants were associated with an increased risk of acute exacerbation or hospitalizations in COPD patients. After the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 increased，the average lag time for the peak risk of acute exacerbation or hospitalization in COPD patients was 2.1 d and 2.9 d respectively，which were shorter than 5.0 d and 5.5 d for NO2 and SO2. Subgroup analysis showed that for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration，the risk of acute exacerbation or hospitalization COPD patients in cold season was significantly increased（RR=1.02，95%CI：1.01-1.04）. The risk of patients aged over 75 was also significantly increased（RR=1.01，95%CI：1.01-1.02）. The risk of PM10-related acute exacerbation of COPD or hospitalization in female patients was significantly increased（RR=1.02，95%CI：1.01-1.02）. The results of the other subgroup analyses did not present significant differences. Conclusion PM2.5 and PM10 can quickly induce acute events of COPD in the short term，and cold environment，age over 75 and female are specific high-risk factors for this health damage.
Objective To establish a method for the determination of 8 halogenated benzoquinones（4 chlorinated benzoquinones and 4 brominated benzoquinones） in water by solid-phase extraction-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry（SPE-UPLC-MS/MS），thereby providing technical support for water quality and safety risk assessment. Methods MCX mixed-mode cation-exchange solid-phase extraction column was employed to enrich the acidified water sample. 0.1% formic acid water and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phase for gradient elution，separated on a Waters Acquity HSS T3 column，determined in negative ion mode（ESI-） by multi-reaction monitoring（MRM），and quantified by external standard method. Results 8 halogenated benzoquinones exhibited good linearity in the range of 2.00-200.00 μg/L（r>0.999），with method detection limits of 0.2-2.7 ng/L and quantification limits of 0.7-9.0 ng/L. The average spiked recoveries at three levels（10.0，20.0 and 100.0 ng/L） were 81.9%-102.0%，with relative standard deviations（n=6） of 2.1%-7.4%. Conclusions The developed method demonstrates good sensitivity，accuracy and precision，with short analysis time. It is applicable to the determination of halogenated benzoquinone disinfection byproducts in water.
Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Binhai New Area of Tianjin from 2010 to 2024，and to establish a prediction model for the prevention and control of mumps. Methods The incidence data and immunization history data of mumps in Binhai New Area of Tianjin from 2010 to 2024 were collected. The statistical analyses were conducted on the long-term incidence trend，seasonality，population distribution and immunization history. A seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average（SARIMA） model was established to predict the incidence trend of mumps. Joinpoint 4.3.1.0 software was used to analyze the long-term trends of annual changes. R 4.5.1 software was adopted for chi-square test，trend chi-square analysis，Mann-Whitney U test and Mann-Kendall test. Results A total of 4 801 mumps cases were reported in Binhai New Area of Tianjin from 2010 to 2024，with an overall incidence rate of 12.91 per 100 000 population. The incidence showed a decreasing trend with an average annual percentage change of -4.43%. The high-incidence month was from May to September，with the peak mostly occurring in June and July. The high-risk age group was 3 to 9 years old，with the incidence rate ranging from 129.62 to 261.36 per 100 000 population. The male-to-female ratio of cases was 1.63∶1，and the high-risk populations were students and preschool children，accounting for 67.90% of the total cases. The age-period-cohort model analysis showed that the age-specific annual percentage change local drift value was the highest in the 8-year-old group（-4.85%），and the expected age-specific incidence rate was the highest in the 4-year-old group（293.20 per 100 000 population）. Both the period relative risk（RR） and cohort RR of the incidence rate presented a fluctuating decreasing trend. The proportion of cases with 0 doses or unknown vaccination history and those with only 1 dose of vaccination decreased year by year，while the proportion of cases with a vaccination history of ≥2 doses increased year by year.The median interval from the last vaccination to onset was 911（P25-P75：670-1 132） d for patients with one-dose vaccination history and 755（P25-P75：372-1 239） d for those with two-dose vaccination history；with significant difference（W=935 849，P<0.01，r=0.10）. Both intervals exhibited an upward trend，yet the effect size was trivial with negligible practical significance. The optimal model was SARIMA（3，1，1）（0，1，1）12，which had a good fitting effect，and it predicted 188 mumps cases in 2026. Conclusions Preschool children and students are the high-risk populations of mumps in Binhai New Area of Tianjin，and summer and autumn are the high-incidence seasons. Targeted and precise prevention and control measures should be adopted for mumps，with focus on health education of disease prevention and control knowledge and promotion of immunization information among these key populations.
